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25th Congress, [ SENATE. ] [ 300 ] 

2d Session* 



IN SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES. 

u 




March 12, 1838. 

Submitted, and ordered to be printed, and thai 5,000 additional copies be furnished for the use 

of the Senate. 



Mr. Linn submitted the following 
REPORT : 

[To accompany bill S. No. 241.] 

The Committee on Agriculture, to whom teas referred the memorial of Lh 
Henry Perrine, late American consul at Campeachy, fraying jor a 
conditional grant of land in southern Florida, to encourage the intro- 
duction and promote the cultivation of tropical plants in the United 
States, have had the same under consideration, and beg leave to submit, 
to the consideration of the Senate, the following report : 

At the express desire of the memorialist, your committee has long delayed 
its action for the purpose of making a rigid investigation of his suggestions, 
his services, and his plans in relation to the immediate domestication of 
tropical plants in southern Florida, and of their gradual acclimation through- 
out all the southern and southwestern States ; and hence your committee 
has arrived at the conclusion that his services have been great ; that his 
suggestions are important, and that his plans are laudably patriotic and 
practicable. In obedience to the Treasury circular of the 6th of Septem- 
ber, 1827, Dr .Henry Perrine appears to be the only American consul who has 
perseveringly devoted his head, heart, and hands to the subject of introdu- 
cing tropical plants in the United States ; and his voluminous manuscripts 
alone exhibit a great amount of labor and research which promise to be 
highly beneficial to our common country. The memorialist founds his 
hopes of final success for the immediate propagation of, and subsequent 
cultivation of, tropical plants in Florida, on four leading facts : 1. Many 
valuable vegetables of the tropics do actually propagate themselves in the 
worst soils and situations, in the sun and in the shade of every tropical re- 
gion, where a single plant arrives by accident or design. 2. For other 
profitable plants of the tropics which require human skill or care, moisture 
is the equivalent to manure for tropical cultivation essentially consists in 
appropriate irrigation. 3. A tropical climate extends into southern Florida 
so peculiarly favorable to human health and vegetable growth, that the fer- 
tility and benignity of its atmosphere will counterbalance the sterility and 
malignity of its soil, 4. The inundated marshes and miry swamps of the 
interior of southern Florida are more elevated than the arid sands and untilla- 
ble rocks of the coast ; and hence the same canals which may drain the for- 
Blair & Rives, printers. 



[ 300 ] 2 



,\\\ 

^ 



mer will irrigate the latter, and afford the appropriate proportion of mois- 
ture for both. The memorialist founds his hopes of success for the gradual 
acclimation of many profitable plants of the tropics throughout at least all 
our southern and southwestern States, on, 1st, the general history of all 
tropical plants whose cultivation has been gradually extended towards the 
poles. 2d. The particular history of our actually great staples of the south 
and southwest, viz : tropical rice, tobacco, cotton, and sugar ; and, 3d, the 
fact that kindred species of many profitable plants which will be still more 
important objects of agriculture are indigenous to our worst soils between 
the Potomac and the Mississippi, viz : of Agave and Yucca, in relation 
to the extension of a peculiarly favorable climate of the tropics into south- 
ern Florida, your committee believes that the memorialist has demonstrated 
its existence by the meteorological tables annexed to this report. In rela- 
tion to the immediate propagation of tropical plants in tropical Florida, on 
the most arid, the most humid, and hitherto most worthless soils, your com- 
mittee believes that the memorialist has well shown its great probability by 
the interesting facts and statements made and collected by him, and which 
are annexed to this report. And in relation to the gradual acclimation, at 
least the fibrous-leaved plants, whose foliaceous fibres are superior substitutes 
for flax and hemp, your committee coincides with the memorialist in his 
opinion, that the tropical species may gradually extend over the most sterile 
districts of all our southern States, and that the indigenous species may be 
gradually propagated in the worst soils of our northern States. Hitherto, 
southern Florida has been considered so sickly and so sterile as to be 
unworthy the expense and trouble of surveying and of sale ; and, even 
now, it is seriously contended that this section of the Territory is un- 
inhabitable by the white man, and should, therefore, be abandoned to the 
savages and runaway negroes from the neighboring States. At all events, 
it is conceded that many millions of acres are " incapable of producing any 
article now cultivated in the United States, and must lie unemployed and 
useless for many years, without some experiment such as Dr. Perrine pro- 
poses. Hence, when the Indians shall be expelled from the pestilential 
swamps and impenetrable morasses of southern Florida, they may again be- 
come the impregnable fortresses for fugitive negroes and piratical out-laws ? 
who will be still more dangerous enemies to the tranquillity of our southern 
States than the actual savage Seminoles. But if the suggestions of the 
memorialist, and if his experiments should be successful, the arid sands and 
arid rocks, and mangrove thicket's of the coast, the miry marshes, pestilen- 
tial swamps, and impenetrable morasses of the interior, may all, ultimately r 
be covered by a dense population of small cultivators and of family manu- 
facturers; and tropical Florida will thus form a well garisoned bulwark 
against invasion in every shape and shade. Even the statistics of Cuba 
demonstrate that this celebrated island owes its prosperity and its safeBy 
much more to its numerous small cultivators of fruits and vegetables than 
to its few large planters of sugar and coffee ; and hence it may be considered 
ibrtunate for all Florida that its southern surface does not embrace any 
large tracts of rich soil adapted to the great staples of great planters. Hith- 
erto, the old southern States have been drained of their rural' population by 
the emigration of their sons to the fertile plains of the valley of the Missis- 
sippi and Ohio. By the introduction of such new staples as can be propa- 
gated on the worst soils of the old States more profitably than their old 
staples can be cultivated on the best soils of the new States, emigration 



3 [ 300 ] 

^ from the south will be prevented, and even its ruined fields and barren 
•v. wastes will become covered with a dense population of small cultivators ; 
^ and that rural population may be tripled by the employment of new 
staples in the really domestic manufactures of their farms, families, and fe- 
males. At all events, the numerous small cultivators of the south would thus 
^n be enabled to furnish the cheapest possible raw materials for the numerous 
^ small manufacturers of the north, and would hence create, mutually, a profit- 
able and harmonious dependence on each other of the great pacific masses of 
population in both sections of the Union. With these views of the national 
importance of the enterprise of Doctor Perrine, your committee have deter- 
mined to report a bill, on such conditions as will render it barely possible for 
him to attract associates and capital to the aid of his future labors, with unity 
in design, harmony in co-operation, and perseverance in pursuit. Under 
the conditions imposed, he only hopes to get co-operators among those pat- 
riotic persons, who will be influenced by the facts, arguments, and feelings 
which convinced his own mind of the great probability of ultimate success, 
and which, therefore, renders him willing to undergo all the intermediate pri- 
vations and perils of property and person incident to the prosecution of the 
enterprise. 

In other countries, an undertaking of such magnitude is the especial duty 
of the Government; but, in the United States, we are indebted to individual 
zeal and perseverance for the origin and prosecution of the grandest plans 
of national utility. 

On the 26th of April, 1832, the Committee on Agriculture of the House of 
Representatives reported a similar bill ; and your committee now refer to the 
accompanying report and other documents. Your committee need not dwell 
on the services of the memorialist, nor recite the precedents of equivalent 
grants to foreigners, as the memorialist is content to rest his claim solely on 
the merit of the enterprise, with the facts that by Ihe terms of the bill now 
reported, if he succeed, the Government and the country will be benefitted in 
the proportion of a thousand to one, and if he fails, himself and his associates 
will be alone ruined. From the specimens of fibrous-leaved plants and of foli- 
aceous fibrous submitted to your committee, they are convinced that if those 
plants alone can be propagated in southern Florida, of which they have no 
reasonable doubt, they will form highly important additions to the agricul- 
ture, manufactures, and commerce of the Union. The committee annex to 
this report several explanatory letters and other important documents, 
from 1 to 4. 



DOCUMENT No. 1. 

Communications to the Committees on Agriculture of the Senate and 
House of Representatives, January and February, 1838. 

Washington, D. C, January 4, 1838. 
Gentlemen : During the last short session of Congress, the subscriber 
wrote a brief memorial, dated Washington, D. C, September 8, 1837, which 
was presented by the Hon. L. F. Linn, on the 29th of the same month, and 
was "laid on the table, and ordered to be printed/' This printed document 
headed "25th Congress, 1st session. Senate 26. Petition of Henry Per- 



[ 300 ] 4 

rine for a grant of land for the encouragement of the growth of tropical plants," 
was taken from the files and reftrred^on the 21st of December last, on motion 
of the same honorable member of your committee, and to this short petition 
the subscriber refers for the motives of the present communication. The print- 
ed pamphlets of the 1st session of the 22d Congress, mentioned in the first 
clause of the short memorial aforesaid, with the report and bill of the Com- 
mittee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives, will show that, even 
at that early period, the suggestions and services of the subscriber, under the 
Treasury circular of the 6th September, 1827, were considered by that 
honorable committee to be worthy of the nominal favor conceded by that 
bill, of a grant of land on very onerous conditions to himself and associates, 
yet exceedingly advantageous to the people and Government of the United 
States. 

The manuscript supplementary memorial of the 29th December, 1834, 
mentioned in the second clause of the short petition aforesaid, with the ap- 
pended draft of a bill, will exhibit the additional claims of the subscriber on 
the justice of Congress up to that period, and his humble willingness to 
accept any modifications of the law which the wisdom of Congress might 
devise, under the impression that the law itself would be infinitely more 
valuable than the land it might convey, in order to attract associates and 
capital to the enterprise of propagating tropical plants in tropical Florida. 

The additional documents and details which the subscriber can exhibit 
to the committee, will prove, he trusts, that his suggestions and services, 
continued to the present date, constitute multiplied claims to the favorable 
consideration of Congress and of his country; and hence the only favor that 
he solicits is an attentive hearing, a rigid investigation of the merits of his 
claims, and of the importance of his enterprise. 

To facilitate a clear conception of his views, he respectfully represents the 
four leading facts on which he founds his hopes of success for the immedi- 
ate domestication of many valuable vegetables of the tropics, and for the 
speedy cultivation of other profitable plants of the tropics in southern 
Florida : 

1. Many very valuable vegetables of the tropics do spontaneously propa- 
gate themselves in the worst soils and situations, in the sun and in the shade 
of every tropical region which they reach by accident or by design ; and 
that hence, in general terms, it may be said that the benignity of a tropical 
climate, or the fertility of a tropical atmosphere, does counterbalance the de- 
fects or sterilities of the soil. 

2. That, for such other profitable plants of the tropics as require human 
care or culture to aid their reproduction, moisture is the equivalent to ma- 
nure, or, in other words, that tropical cultivation consists essentially in ap- 
propriate irrigation. 

3. That an improved tropical climate extends into southern Florida, pe- 
culiarly favorable to human health, and still more favorable to vegetable 
growth, and that hence the salubrity and fertility of the air in that tropical 
district, will counterbalance the sickness and sterility of the earth, and the 
immediate propagation of profitable plants may hence be profitably begun 
on even the unimproved, uncleared surfaces of tropical Florida. 

4. That the peculiar formation of southern Florida is so favorable for 
irrigation, that the same canals which may drain the inundated swamps of 
the interior, will irrigate the arid sands and untillable rocks of the coasts, 



5 [ 300 ] 

and afford the appropriate proportion of moisture for the speedy cultivation 
of valuable vegetables adapted to the soils of both. 

His hopes of success for the gradual acclimation of many profitable 
plants of the tropics, throughout at least all our southern and southwestern 
States, are founded on the general history of all tropical plants whose culti- 
vation has been gradually extended towards the poles ; on the particular 
history of our actually great staples of the south and southwest, viz : tropic- 
al rice, tobacco, cotton "and sugar, and on the fact that kindred species of 
many plants, which will be still more important objects of agriculture, do 
actually exist indigenous to all our country between the Potomac and the 
Mississippi. 

That limiting our considerations for the moment to solely the propaga- 
tion of fibrous-leaved plants, and the production of foliaceous fibres in 
Florida and in all our southern States, on the poorest soils, and by our 
poorest citizens, he repeats his convictions of its unspeakable importance 
in creating a dense population of small cultivators in the most sterile dis- 
tricts, by the production of a staple in which four-fifths of the labor may 
be more profitably effected by horse power than by human power. A re- 
ference to the statistics of Cuba, will demonstrate that this celebrated island 
owes its prosperity and its safety much more to its small cultivators of 
fruits and vegetables, than to its large planters of sugar and of coffee ; and 
as southern Florida has not any fertile soils adapted to the cultivation of 
our actual staples by our great planters, if its most sterile soils can be made 
to sustain a much denser population of small farmers than any other equal 
extent of surface in the United States, its proximity to the West India 
islands renders it especially important that it should thus be constituted a 
well-garrisoned bulwark against invasion in every shape or shade. He 
further repeats his conviction, that the propagation of fibrous-leaved plants, 
on the most sterile districts of all our southern States, will be still more 
important than the cultivation of all their present staples combined, on 
their most fertile soils; not merely for the amount and profit of the new 
staple itself, and on account of the quantity and quality of the surfaces it 
will occupy, but also on account of the character of the labor, and the kind 
of population it will employ. Emigration of their small cultivators to the 
new States, will thus be checked ; emigration of small farmers to the old 
southern States, will thus be promoted ; and the resulting augmentation of 
the sturdy yeomanry of the south, will ensure its prosperity, power, and 
tranquillity. 

Entertaining such convictions, the subscriber is anxious that the mem- 
bers of the Committee on Agriculture shall take the necessary pains to 
satisfy themselves that his convictions are founded on rational data. He is 
willing to undergo the most rigid cross-examination, and the most severe 
criticism, that incredulity or enmity may suggest. He is willing to be 
suspected even of monomania on this subject, provided it will result in a 
candid trial to ascertain the fact or falsity of the suspicion. He is willing 
to be stricken, provided he be attentively heard. 

I have the honor to be, 

Very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

HENRY PERRINE. 

To the Hon. the Committee on Agriculture 

in the Senate of the United States of America. 



[ 300 J 6 

Washington, District Columbia, 

January 9, 1838, 

Gentlemen : By the first communication of the subscriber, of the 4th 
instant, the attention of your body was respectfully directed to the bill (No. 
555) of the House of Representatives, of the 1st session of the 22d Con- 
gress, reported the 26th of April, 1832, which conditionally conveyed to 
your memorialist and his associates a township of land, in southern Flor- 
ida, " to encourage the introduction and promote the cultivation of tropical 
plants in the United States ;" and also to the modification of said bill, rudely 
sketched at the end of his supplementary memorial, from Campeachy, dated 
the 29th of December, 1834. In the same communication, he briefly ad- 
verted to the four leading annunciations of facts on which he founds his 
hopes of ultimate success, for the immediate propagation, and for the 
speedy cultivation, of all valuable vegetables of the tropics, within the 
limits of southern Florida ; and to the three principal circumstances on 
which he builds his expectations of the gradual acclimation of many pro- 
fitable plants of the tropics throughout the most sterile districts of all our 
southern and southwestern States. He now, as respectfully and briefly as 
possible, will attempt to sketch, under three heads, the principal reasons on 
which he founds his claims to a favorable report from your committee, of 
a bill to concede, conditionally, to himself and associates, a township of 
land, or thirty-six sections, in southern Florida ; and to a speedy passage 
of the same bill into a law, by both Houses of Congress : 

1st. The personal services and sacrifices of the subscriber, under the 
Treasury circular of the 6th of September, 1827, which could not be fully 
compensated by the Government price of a township of our most fertile 
soils. 

2d. The repeated precedents of equivalent acts of Congress to encourage 
objects of partial utility to the public, by ceding to foreigners and their 
associates certain tracts of the most fertile soils in the most valuable situa- 
tions of the populated portions of sovereign States. 

3d. The isolated merits of the enterprise itself, independently of the 
past services of the subscriber, or without reference to the past acts of 
Government, and considered solely as a pecuniary contract of Government, 
by the conditions of which the ratio of advantages to the grantors of the, 
lands must be, in the proportion of a thousand to one, on the part of the 
grantees. 

To demonstrate the claims of the subscriber, under the first head, he can 
exhibit quires of manuscript and of printed documents, which he fears that 
the committee will not have time or patience to peruse. That, in obedience 
to the orders of his own Government, he has suffered more corporeal dis- 
eases than the patient Job ; and that he has undergone more pains, priva- 
tions, persecutions, and perils, than the boasting Paul, are circumstances 
which he fears may not be considered relevant, by corporate insensibility. 
The examples of many claimants, on the justice of our republican Gov- 
ernment, and especially the history of the warriors of our holy revolution, 
have painfully taught him to fear that, if he appealed to the justice of Gov- 
ernment alone, he might grow old and die belbre a law for his relief could 
be obtained. Had he been a French or an English consul, and had he 
rendered the same services to the French or English Government, he has 



7 [ 300 ] 

no doubt that, long ere this period, he would have been both promoted and 
•otherwise rewarded. Preferring, however, the federal republican Gov- 
ernment of the United States, whatever may be the evils inseparable from 
our institutions, to any and all other forms of government in the world, he 
adverts to his own unrequited sufferings, not as a matter of complaint, but 
as a subject of regret. He, nevertheless, cannot close this topic without 
respectfully inviting the attention of the committee to the striking contrast 
exhibited in the treatment of Professor Doctor Ramon de la Sagra, of the 
Botanical Garden and Pattern Plantation, near Havana, by the royal Gov- 
ernment of Spain. He would further respectfully direct the attention of 
the committee to some official letters of the Hon. Louis McLane, while 
Secretary of State, in 1834 ; and to the resolutions of the Legislature of 
Louisiana, on the 11th of March last, in reference to the extraordinary 
services of the subscriber. 

Under the second head, the subscriber refers the committee to the act of 
Congress " to promote the introduction and encourage the culture of the 
vine," a single extra-tropical plant, which did convey to J. J. Dufour and 
his associates, foreigners, a certain tract of very rich soil, in a very valauble 
situation, by which soil and site said foreign grantees were greatly bene- 
fitted, although their experiment did fail; and to the fact that the subscriber 
has solely solicited an equivalent act, ; <to encourage the introduction and 
cultivation of all valuable tropical plants," which may convey to himself 
and associate Americans, an equivalent quantity of absolutely sterile soils, 
in an absolutely worthless situation, by which the native grantees will be 
entirely ruined if their experiments should fail. 

He further refers the committee to other acts of Congress, among the vol- 
umes of printed laws with which they are infinitely more familiar than the 
subscriber has ever had an opportunity to be. 

Under the third head the subscriber respectfully refers, firstly, to the report 
of the Committee of Agriculture of the House of Representative, No. 454, in 
the first session of the 22d Congress, accompanying the bill in his behalf, 
which exhibits the sense of that committee relative to the worthlessness of the 
lands in the peninsula of Florida, to the general opinion of both the 
Government and of the people of the United States, that southern Florida is 
so sickly and so sterile a Territory, in consequence the miry marshes 
and inundated swamps of the interior, and of the arid sands, iw tillable rocks, 
and mangrove thickets of the coasts, as to be unworthy of even the trouble 
and expense of surveying and sale ; to the letter of General Scott to the\ 
Secretary of War, in which the General declared that even the gift of 
Florida land would be a fraud on the soldiers ; to the report on file in the 
departments relative to the obstacles presented by the surface of the country 
to the progress of our arms during the whole Seminole war ; to even the 
printed books on Florida, intended to present the most favorable aspect of 
that Territory, and to conceal its most unfavorable features ; and to the spe- 
cial testimony of the few individuals who are personally acquainted with 
the character of the coasts and of the interior of the southern extremity of 
that peninsula. 

He thinks it will thus be shown that, for actual staples or common agri- 
culture, all the surface of southern Florida is worse than useless ; that the"-, 
highest estimate of the unsurveyed public lands could not exceed one cent an 
acre ; that the best soils and sites were long since selected under the Spanish 
Oovernrnent ; that, nevertheless, for the most valuable soils and sites under 



[300] 8 

private claims, the asking price does not, in any case, exceed ten cents an 
acre; that hence, if the public lands in south Florida were even surveyed 
and in market, they would not be sold at a price equal to that of those con- 
tained in the choice grants of private persons; that even these selected 
soils and sites cannot be either sold or given away on the condition of actual 
occupancy and cultivation of our present staples ; that the settlement of ag- 
riculturists at Sinabal island was hence broken up, and that the same fail- 
ure of all attempts at common agriculture or horticulture will occur to all 
future emigrants ; and that, therefore, all southern Florida must remain a 
solitary desert, unless the enterprise of the subscriber shall furnish both a 
mode of successful vegeculture, and a nursery of profitable plants, adapted 
to its peculiar climate and soil. 

The subscriber respectfully adverts to other obstacles in the way of an im- 
mediate commencement of tropical vegeculture in tropical Florida; the 
continued warfare with the savage Seminoles, and the prospective danger 
from the murderous fugitives, who will remain lurking in the thickets and 
morasses of southern Florida ; the unsurveyed condition of the tropical dis- 
trict, and the probability that it will not be offered for sale in many years; 
the immense tracts under Spanish grants, with their conflicting claims ; and 
the consequent uncertainty of right or safety in location on supposed public 
lands; the reputed sickness and sterility of tropical Florida, augmented to 
an exaggerated degree by the reports of our military officers, and by the 
speeches of our members of Congress in relation to the impenetrable mo- 
rasses and pestilential swamps of the peninsula; the certainly miry marshes 
and inundated swamps of the interior, and the positively arid sands, until- 
lable rocks, and mangrove thickets of the coasts ; the undoubtedly great 
plagues of mosquetoes and sand flies, ticks and scorpions, ants and 
landcrabs, serpents and alligators, and other noxious insects and reptiles ; 
the much greater labor of clearing and improving the earth in tropical cli- 
mates, where the great vigor of ceaseless vegetation must be continually 
subdued by the axe and the hoe ; the general ignorance respecting the 
plants and the culture appropriate to such climates and soils ; the past policy 
of our Government in respect to preemption rights, and its prospective 
policy to bestow on actual settlers select portions of our most fertile soils 
and valuable situations ; the much greater inducements to emigrants offered 
by. Texas and Cuba in the quantity, quality, and the bounty of their soils ; 
the virtually insulated position of tropical Florida, the absence of roads and 
post offices, and the great distance, difficulty, and expense of communica- 
tion and intercourse with the populated portions ofour own country in general, 
and of even northern Florida itself; the want of legal ports of entry for in- 
tercourse with foreign countries, and especially for the importation of tropi- 
cal plants; the expense, difficulty, and delay of introducing and propagat- 
ing living perennial plants ; the difficulty of convincing the public thaUhe 
benignity of the climate will counterbalance the defects of the soil: the 
equal difficulties and delays in the task of inducing our agriculturists to en- 
gage in the culture of.strange and perennial plants; and the free admission 
of all tropical products in the United States, and, consequently, the entire 
absence of even the incidental protection derived from mere revenue duties 
to Government. 

The subscriber has not yet enumerated all the obstacles, but, writing 
with a manifold writer and "a in a hurry, he offers this apology for the de- 
fects of the present undigested communication ; and concludes by respect- 



9 r 300 ] 

fully soliciting that the members of the committee will each suggest objec- 
tions, note apparent inconsistencies, and demand every explanation in his 
power to afford. 

Very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

HENRY PERRINE. 
To the Hon. the Committee on Agriculture 

in the Senate of the United States of America. 



To the honorable the Committees on Agriculture of the Senate and House 
of Representatives of the United States of America : 

Washington, D. C, 

January 31, 1838, 8 o'clock a. m. 

Gentlemen : Understanding that a second joint meeting of your com- 
mittees will be held at 10 o'clock this morning, the subscriber begs leave to 
present the following short address : The subscriber has repeatedly re- 
quested the members of the committees that they should delay their report 
on the merit of his claims and the importance of his enterprise, until both 
topics should receive the most rigid investigation which incredulity, sus- 
picion, or animosity, could suggest. Until recently, the subscriber supposed 
it was universally known that all southern Florida was not worth a cent 
an acre for the cultivation of our actual staples, and that all the choice sites 
were private property, under Spanish grants. As, however, he yesterday 
understood, that some member of your committee still believed that the 
objects of the subscriber might be intended to promote speculation, and as 
he believes that the mixture of mere pecuniary^ avarice with the motives 
of himself and associates would be fatal to the ultimate views of his patri- 
otic ambition, he is anxious to dissipate even the shadow of a doubt or a 
suspicion which may rest in the mind of any member of either committee. 
He therefore again most respectfully urges his request, that every member 
of both committees will frankly express the most hidden doubts that exist 
in his own mind, and the strongest objections which his misconceptions 
can offer to the minds of others, as the subscriber is desirous of an unani- 
mous report, founded on an unanimous conviction of the merits or demerits 
of himself and of his enterprise. 

He, however, still begs the just privilege of discussing all objections in 
the presence of the whole committee, and of submitting all official docu- 
ments and authentic details which may be relevant or necessary. 

The subscriber boldly repeats, that he comes before Congress rather to 
offer, than to receive, favors, from his Government or his countrymen. He 
does not wish any law by the terms of which the United States will not be 
benefitted, in the proportion of a thousand to one, on the part of himself 
and associates. 

He adverts not to his services under under the Treasury circular of the 
6th September, 1827, although he is ready to prove that for them he is 
entitled to at least $30,000, or more than the Government piice, for a town- 
ship of our most fertile soils ; neither will he now advert to precedents 
of equivalent grants to foreigners and their associates, of fertile soils and 



t 300 ] 10 

valuable sites, in the settled districts of sovereign States. He is willing to 
stand alone upon the isolated merits of his claims, and on the national 
importance of his enterprise. 

Very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

H. PERRINE. 



To the honorable the members of the Committee on Agriculture of the 
House of Representatives. 

Washington, D. C, 
February 3, 1838, 9 o'clock a. m. 

Gentlemen : Understanding that the fifth meeting of your committee, 
held on the 31st ultimo, was composed of eight persons, or of all its mem- 
bers excepting Mr. Stone, and understanding, further, that an unanimous 
vote was given in favor of the merits of my claims, and of the importance 
of my enterprise, I beg leave to offer a few lines more to your considera- 
tion, previous to the adoption of your report and the accompanying bill. 
Under the dates of the 4th and 9th of January lust, the subscriber wrote 
two addresses to the honorable the Committee on Agriculture of the Senate, 
and delivered them to the Hon. L. F. Linn ; but they were burned by the 
same fire which nearly deprived of life Dr. Linn himself; nnd hence your 
attention is respectfully requested to the original drafts of said letters in his 
manifold writing book. Presupposing that said letters will be attentively 
read by your committee, the subscriber appends a few more facts, observa- 
tions, and remarks. 

In his written address to your committee, left on the table of your room, 
on the 31st ultimo, he adverted to the fact, that, for the cultivation of our 
actual staples, the whole public lauds in south Florida are not worth the 
average price of one cent an acre. If any doubt of that fact still exists in 
the minds of any member of your committee, the subscriber begs the privi- 
lege of dissipating that doubt by the testimony of personal witnesses and 
authentic documents. The same favor he requests in relation to the facts 
of the best sites and soils being selected under Spanish grants, and being 
now private property. The twelve miles square at Cape Florida, embraces 
the only site valuable either for a harbor or for water power on the main 
land of south Florida. The original Spanish grantee, Arambide, had 
every opportunity for selection, many years ago, for the purposes of erecting 
saw-mills and exporting lumber, on which conditions it was expressly 
granted by the -Spanish Government ; yet it appears that his enterprise 
was a ruinous failure, and I doubt not that it will prove equally ruinous 
to all future speculators in the same line, both on account of the defective 
quality and quantity of timber, and on account of the equally deceptive 
nature of the reputed water power. 

In reference to the great expense of clearing and enclosing even until- 
lable rocks in a tropical climate, the subscriber refers your committee to a 
letter from the collector at Key West, in which he calculates the cost of 
clearing and enclosing a single acre, at $200, on that island. Hence, also, 
the failure of all persons who have hitherto emigrated to south Florida, 
and attempted to commence the culture of our common staples in our 



11 [300] 

usual way, of previous clearing, and enclosure, and cultivation. The 
settlement at Sinabal island was hence abandoned by the party that went 
from New York some years ago, after having wasted many thousand dollars 
in the fruitless enterprise ; and hence I repeat that every future settler in 
south Florida will be ruined, unless preceded by the associate labor of a \^ 
company which shall introduce the appropriate plants, and teach the appro- J 
priate mode of propagation adapted to the peculiarity of its climate and^/ 
soil. Hence, also, Texas and Cuba will continue to attract our agricul- 
tural emigrants in thousands, and southern Florida will become a solitary 
desert, or will be occupied by a still worse race than the Seminoles. Its 
pestilential swamps and impenetrable morasses, will become the fortresses of 
the worst portions of the black and piratical inhabitants of the adjoining 
West India islands. But the subscriber has the ambition to demonstrate to 
his countrymen, that the benignity of the climate of southern Florida will 
overbalance the malignity of its soil ; and that the propagation of various 
plants may be profitably effected in the most stony, sandy, marshy, and 
miry surfaces ; and that the ultimate results will be the creation of a dense 
population of small cultivators and family manufacturers. It will be the 
work of many years, it is true, but he who has devoted ten years of his 
life to one object of ambition, affords the best guarantee of the perseverance 
of his exertions during his remaining years. 

In acquiring the right and safety of location for six miles square in 
southern Florida, the subscriber will have merely acquired the foundation 
stones of his enterprise. In addition to the numerous and formidable 
obstacles interposed by nature alone to the progress of that enterprise, the 
policy of our own Government, of the Governments of Texas and Cuba, 
and of the proprietors of the immense tracts under Spanish grants in south 
Florida, will operate as so many additional obstacles to my endeavors to 
get associates in my labors. By the terms of our pre emption laws, every S 
actual settler can obtain a quarter-section of the richest soils in the most / 
valuable sites, and have the virtual property of all the adjoining lands, with- 
out any stipulations of introducing and propagating strange, living, and per- 
ennial plants. By our compromise tariff, my enterprise is deprived even 
of that indirect protection incident to revenue duties, as all the products 
of the tropics are now admitted free of duty into the United States. By 
the terms of emigration to Texas and Cuba, our agriculturists are seduced 
in the greater quantity, the better quality, and the entire bounty of their 
soils. By the terms on which the proprietors of the immense tracts under 
Spanish grants have acquired their titles in south Florida, the land does 
not, probably, cost them one-tenth of a cent per acre; and hence it will be 
their interest to give away large portions to actual settlers on the simple 
condition of actual occupation. The immense grant to the Duke of Alogon 
called Hackley's, is said by J. Lee William, in his recent book on Florida, 
to contain eight millions of acres; and in 1832, during the pending of the 
bill in behalf of the subscriber and his associates, the said Hackley offered 
ten thousand acres of that tract to the subscriber, on the sole condition of 
location upon it, and with the privilege of selecting those ten thousand 
acres in the whole southern extremity of the eight millions of acres. By 
the advice of the honorable J. M. White, the then delegate from Florida, 
the subscriber was induced to refuse the gift of said ten thousand acres, 
and to attach more importance to the conditional grant of Congress, con- 
templated by the bill of the 22d April, 1832. which he was assured would 



[300] 12 

speedily become a law. So much more importance did he still continue 
to attach to the law than to the land itself, that, by his supplementary memo- 
rial of 20th December. 1834, from Campeachy, your committee will have 
perceived that he was content to have the bill so modified as to concede 
solely the pre-emption rights to thirty-six occupable sections of land below 
28° ; and even now he would be willing to have the grant restricted to the 
pre-emption rights of thirty-six ^warmer-sections below 26° north latitude 
alone, in preference to the onerous conditions of the bill for six miles 
square, with but five years of time. If the committee, however, should 
think that the onerous conditions of the present bill are yet not sufficiently 
oppressive to guard against all possible speculation, the subscriber respect- 
fully suggests that, by limiting the strip of territory for his location to a 
line below 26° of north latitude, between Cape Florida and Cape Sable, 
they will effectually cut off all possible chances for maritime ports or mari- 
time cities. The only white man, in his knowledge, that has made a 
partial exploration of the southwestern extremity of Florida, was Doctor 
Leitner, of Charleston, who, on his return to that city, gave a public 
lecture, and exhibited a transparent map of the country, which the sub- 
scriber believes would frighten every person but himself from all desire of 
spending a single day in tl^e same regions. The subscriber himself would 
never dream of attempting to inhabit such a section of the country in any 
quarter of the globe, were it not for the counterbalancing circumstances of 
its relative position, of the form of our Government, and of the character 
of our people ; for, whatever may be the defects of our citizens, or of our 
institutions, a painful experience of ten years in Mexico has satisfied him 
of the infinitely greater evils to which native Americans are exposed in all 
foreign countries. 

I have the honor to be, 

Gentlemen, very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

HENRY PERRINE. 



To the honorable the Committee on Agriculture in the Senate of the United 

States of America : 

Washington, D. C, February 24, 183S. 
Gentlemen : Slowly convalescing from a second attack of sickness, the 
subscriber again respectfully addresses the committee. Having just received 
a letter from Indian Key, in tropical Florida, dated the 1st of this month, 
and written by Charles Howe, Fsq., inspector of the port, and postmaster at 
said islet, the subscriber respectfully submits it to the committee to sustain 
his position that all southern Florida is entirely worthless for our actual 
staples or actual methods of cultivation. Mr. Howe has resided many years 
in tropical Florida, and in moral character is not surpassed by any resident 
of that country. The failure of himself, of the association at Sinabal island, 
and of all others who have made the attempt, is sufficient to demonstrate the 
correctness of the position of the subscriber, that without new staples pecu- 
liarly adapted to the peculiar soil, climate, and formation of southern Florida, 
its lands will never be worth a cent an acre. In the Alexandria Gazette, of 
this morning, there appears, under the head of news from Florida, a com- 



13 [300] 

munication, dated at Fort Jupiter, Jupiter inlet, February 4, 1838, of which 
extracts are respectfully submitted : "We have been delayed at this place, 
until the present time, by want of shoes for the men, one-third of them being 
barefooted, and most of them having their clothes torn off. This is not 
surprising, considering the nature of the country through which we have 
passed, one-half of which is covered with the saw palmetto, and the other 
half with water and sawgrass, destroying not only their shoes and clothes, 
but severely lacerating their flesh. The greater part of the dragoons will 
be dismounted, in consequence of their horses being worn out. Our time for 
operations is becoming limited. Beyond March, no human being could live 
in this country. Even the Indians themselves acknowledge that it is unin- 
habitable." The sawgrass mentioned above is presumed to be the species 
of sedgegrass, called Schoenus effusus, with leaves prickly forwards, and 
six to ten feet high, of which the generic term signifies a cord, given as a 
name to a rush, of which cords were made. The saw palmetto is probably 
the Chamoerops serrulata, with plaited palmate fronds, and sharply serrate 
stipes. Several species of this genus of palms afforded to the Florida tribes, 
food, wine, sugar, fruit, cabbage, fans, darts, ropes, and cloth. Some have 
good fruit like plums ; others, austere like dates. They are now chiefly 
used to make hats, fans, baskets, and mats, with the leaves. 

However troublesome to the march of armies, or even of individual travel- 
lers, Divine Providence has thus furnished the means of covering the poorest 
soils of Florida with a dense population of small cultivators and of family 
manufacturers. The subscriber also submits to the committee, an index of 
the officinal and economical plants mentioned in the Natural System of 
Botany of John Lindley, (2d edition, London, 1S36,) with the common and 
botanical names of some other very valuable vegetables inserted by himself. 
A reference to Eaton's Manual of Botany will show the names of nearly 
four hundred species of exotic plants introduced into the United States, of 
which, however, the greatest proportion are of very little practical utility. 
Hence, although many valuable plants are not embraced in the aforesaid 
list, yet a comparison will exhibit the immense number of useful exotics yet 
remaining to be introduced into our common country. As the English 
editions of scientific works are extremely costly, the subscriber cuts out 
from Lindley's Introduction to Botany, (2d edition, London, 1835,) the chap- 
ter on the geography of plants, and adds some notes, to illustrate the practi- 
cability and importance of the immediate domestication of tropical plants 
in southern Florida, and of their gradual acclimation throughout our 
southern States. As the documents which accompany the report of the 
committee of the lower House, made on the 17th, contain an abridged ac- 
count of various fibrous-leaved plants, the subscriber now presents merely 
a leaf, on which is copied the descriptions given, by various botanists, of the 
characters, habits, and range of our indigenous Yuccas and Agave, by which 
it is shown that they prefer the worst soils from Pennsylvania to Louisiana, 
and from the banks of the Potomac to the banks of the Missouri, "from the 
confluence of the river Platte to the mountains." 

He further submits the metereological tables which demonstrate the ex- 
tension of a peculiarly favorable climate of the tropics into southern Florida ; 
and two official letters to the Secretary of State concerning numerous plants, 
which may be profitably propagated or cultivated on the worst soils of 
tropical Florida. Believing that no rational objection can be made to the 
speedy passage into a law of such a bill as your committee may report, he 
respectfully trusts that, after six years' delay, it may now be carried through 



[300] 14 

both Houses in time to enable him to transport a cargo of living tropica 
plants into southern Florida previous to the summer rains. 

The sufferings often years have so exhausted his vitality, that he cannot 
hope to live until the successful termination of his enterprise ; and he is, 
therefore, anxious to make a speedy commencement, under such circum- 
stances that he can insure its zealous and persevering prosecution and 
completion by others. He will then be content to lay down that life which 
has long been a painful burthen, under the belief that he cannot leave to 
his children a better inheritance than the reputation of his being a public 
benefactor to his country. 

I have the honor to be, gentlemen, ,- : 
Very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

HENRY PERRINE. 



Extracts of letters from an officer in Florida, published in the National 
Intelligencer of 26th February, 1 838. 

The letters are dated the 8th and 9th February, at a spot about twenty 
miles south of Fort Jupiter. He describes a difficult march through briers, 
thick bearded sawgrass, (which is strong, and from its name, cuts badly.) in 
black mud up to the waist, and crossed where ten Indians might defy a 
hundred of the best troops in the world, from the peculiar situation of the 
country. 

" I hope something may be done to put an end to this almost interminable 
war ; interminable, I say, because the Almighty has placed these savages in 
a country inhabitable only by themselves, and where Xenophon's army 
could not displace them so long as they choose to remain. They have 
fastnesses and hiding places, where they lie in ambush ; wait until we come 
up, fire upon the advance, kill and wound, and then run off." The writer 
says there is but one opinion as to the policy of permitting the Indians to 
remain. " The clouds are gathering, and indicate rain, which, should it 
come, will put an end to this campaign; for the ground wherel am now 
sitting would, with six hours rain, be overflowed some inches deep." He 
further says that ;c the Seminoles, at the late council, wished permission to 
retain a small portion of the country ; and that Gen. Jesup has consented 
that they shall remain until they hear from Washington." "In my opinion, 
they could be made useful allies instead of a daring foe, and would occupy 
a portion of country uninhabitable by white men, unless, possibly, some 
more degenerate than the untutored savage." Again, on the 9th February, 
he again says: "I still express my opinion that the policy of the Govern- 
ment ought to be to permit them to remain." 

P. S. — 27th February. By a letter of the 7th instant, from Tallahassee, 
in the Territory of Florida, the subscriber has just learned that the Legis- 
lative Council, without a dissenting voice, has passed a new act of incorpo- 
ration for the Tropical Plant Company, of which James Webb, the judge of the 
federal district court at Key West, Charles Howe, inspector of the port, and 
postmaster at Indian Key, and the subscriber, are trustees. He had desired 
that two of the trustees should be the presidents of the agricultural societies 
of Louisiana and South Carolina, at New Orleans and Charleston ; but i 



15 [300] 

appears that they were objected to, because non-residents of the Territory. 
The bill was unanimously reported by the Committee on Agriculture, and as 
unanimously passed into a law by the Legislative Council. By a reference 
to the report of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Represen- 
tatives, made on the 26th April, 1832, there will be seen, among the accom- 
panying documents, an extract from the message of the Governor of the 
Territory, at the beginning of the then session of the Legislative Council, 
in which he said : "Although Mr. Perrine has made no direct application, 
I earnestly recommend the granting of a charter, as he wishes, and the 
bestowment upon the company of as many privileges as maybe compatible 
with the public interests. The National Legislature, it is to be hoped, will 
afford aid to so laudable an enterprise; and one which, if successful, pro- 
mises to be of national benefit." A consequent act of incorporation was 
passed, the second on the calendar, the 14th January, 1832 ; but, by the 12th 
section it was provided, that " if the company should fail to carry into exe- 
cution the objects contemplated by this act, by the 1st January, 1834, then 
this act is to cease, and to be of no effect." In addition to the many insuperable 
obstacles arising from other causes, the delay of the bill before Congress, in 
behalf of the subscriber and his associates, has been, in itself, sufficient to 
prevent the enterprise from being carried into successful execution ; and 
should not the conditional grant of land be made during this sixth subse- 
quent session of Congress, he fears that the new charter of the Legislative 
Council will also fail to attract associates and capital for the experiment. 

HENRY PERRINE. 



NnttaVs genera of North American plants, and a catalogue of the species } 
to the year 1817; Philadelphia, 1818. 

Genus 318. Yucca, L., (Adam's needle.) Corolla inferior, campanulate. 
segments not nectariferous. Filaments, of the stamina subelavate. Style, 
none. Capside oblong, with three obtuse angles, three celled, opening at 
the summit ; seeds flat. 

Proper stem, none; caudex inconspicuous or assurgent,and shrubby, leaves 
comose, (or crowded and terminal,) uniform, spiny at the point, sometimes 
with a sphacelate filamentiferous margin ; flowers in a terminal, irregular 
panicle, each protected by two spathes ; corolla white,roundish campanulate. 

Species 1. Y. jilamentosa ; 2. angustifolia. Stemless, leaves glaucous, 
long linea and mucronate, margin filamentose ; capsules large and dry 
oblong obovate. Hub. On the banks of the Missouri, from the confluence 
of the river Platte to the mountains ; flowers large and white ; leaves 
scarcely half an inch wide : 3. reatrvifolia. Tn sandy fields, North Caro- 
lina, v. v : 4. gloriosa. Capsule internally filled with a sweetish pulp of a 
purple color. This plant is called Petre by the Mexican Spaniards, and 
used for cordage, ropes, &c, as well as for packing cloth, and is extremely 
durable : 5. aloifolia. There is also a 6th species of this genus, discov- 
ered by the late Mr. John Lyons, improperly called Y. angustifolia, by 
the gardeners around London ; it is nearly allied to Y. filamentosa, but 
much narrower leaved ; with ^its specific character I am unacquainted. 
An American genus, affecting the sandy sea coasts. 



[ 300 ] 16 

Genus 319. Agave, L. Corolla superior, erect, tubulous or funnel form. 
Si amii lifer oas filaments longer than the Corolla, erect. Capsule (inferior) 
triangular, many seeded. 

Caudex sometimes ligneous and ascending; leaves radical, or comose, 
rigid and channelled, with the point, and often the margin, spiny ; younger 
leaves obvolute, or rolled around each other spirally; panicle ascending 
from the caudex, very large and pyramidal. A genus scarcely differing 
generally from aloe, except in the situation of the capsule, which is inferior. 
Species I. A. Virginica. From Virginia to Florida ; also, in Upper Lou- 
isiana. An American genus, chiefly tropical. A. Americana is the largest 
of all herbaceous plants : its panicles of flowers are of the magnitude of 
small trees. In Peru and Mexico, it has long been cultivated by the indi- 
genes and colonists, for various and important economical purposes. It 
affords an abundant and vinous liquor, and, by distillation, alcohol; of the 
fibres of its enormous leaves are made thread and paper, &c.* 

Mich-auk's Flora, Boreali Americana, Paris, 1803, vol. I, p. 187; Classis 6. 

Hexandria Monogynia. 

Section 1. Ovario infero. Agave, L. Cor. erecta, supera. Filamenta corolla 
longiora, erecta. 

A. "Virginica. A. foliis integris, mucronatis; scape simplicissimo, spici- 
floro ; ovario subrotundo triquetro ; staminibus exertis. Obs. Flores odo- 
ratissimi, obsolete virentis. Hab. inherboris Carolinae et Virginias. 

Section 2. Ovario supero. Yucca L. Cor. campanulato-patens. Stylus 
nullus. Caps. 3 locularis. Y. filamentosa. Y. acaulis ; foliis latiuscule 
lanceolatis, margine passim filamentosis. Hab. in littoralibus et remotis 
occidentalibus Carolinae et Virginias. Y. aloifolia. Y. caulescens ; foliis 
lineari -lanceolatis, minutis denticulis callosis quasi serrulatis. Hab. in lit= 
toralibus Carolinae, Floridas, <fcc. Y. glorioso. Y. caulescens; foliis lati- 
uscule lanceolatus integerrimus. Hab. in littoralibus Carolinae. 

PursKs Flora America, Septentrionalis, London, 1816, 2d edit. 

Genus 294. Agave. Cor. supera 6 fida ; limbo erecta. Filam. corolla 
longiora, erecta. 

Genus 298. Yucca. Cor. infera, campanulatus laciniis non nectariferis. 
Filam. clavata. Style. O. Caps, oblonga, obtuse 3 gona sem. plana. 

Agave. Gen. pi. 582. Virginica. 1. A. acaulis, herbacea ; foliis cartilaginoe- 
serratis scapo simplicissimo. (Wild. Sp. pi. 2, p. 193 ; Icon. Jacq., icrar 2 
to 378 ; Bot. Mag. 1,157.) On the rocky and fertile banks, Virginia to Caro- 
lina, % July, Aug. v. v. Flowers greenish yellow, very fragrant. 

Yucca. Gen. pi. 580. filamentosa 1. Y. acaulis; foliis lato-lanceolatis 
integerrimes margine filamentosis, stigmatibus, recurvato-patentibus. (Wild. 
Sp. pi. 2, p. 184 ;"lcur. Tren. ehret to 37.) On the shores of Virginia and 
Carolina, and in the western parts thereof, %. July, Aug. v. v. Flowers 
white, very showy, and the plant is from four to five feet high. 

* Note by H. P.— The Pulque Agave is not the A. Americana; neither is the Mezcal Agave 
the same plant ; nor is the Henequon, or Sisal Hemp Agave, the same species. The first yields 
the substitute for cider, in the juice of the developing stalk ; the second yields ardent spirits, by 
distillation of the roots; and the third yields the substitute for hemp, by scraping of its living 
green leaves. 



17 [ 300 ] 

Y. angustifolia. Y. acaulis ; foliis longa lineanbus ngidis margine raro fila- 
tnentosis, capsulis magnis obovato cylindraceis. On the banks of the Mis- 
souri, % July, Aug. V. s. in Herb Nattal. From two to three feet high, leaves 
very narrow, capsules large. 

Y. recurvifolia. 3. Y. caulescens ; foliis lineari lanceolatis viridibns re- 
curvo deflexils margine raro filamentosis petalis interioribus latioribus. 
(Salisb. in parad. lond. 31.) On the sandy shores of Georgia. Leconte, 
?2 July, Aug. v. v. Flowers greenish yellow, with a tinge of purple; stem 
about three feet high. This species has been confounded with the following : 

Y. glorioso. 4. Y. caulescens, ramosa; foliis lato-lanceolatis plieatis inte- 
gerrimis, petalis lanceolatis. (Wild. Sp. pi. 2, . 183 ; Icon. Bot. Rep. 473 ; 
Hot. Mag. 1.260.) On the seashore of Carolina, % July, Aug. v. v. Flowers 
white ; plant about ten feet high. 

Y. aloifolia. 5. Y. caulescens. ramosa ; foliis lineari-lanceolatis calloso- 
crenulatis strictis. (Wild. Sp. pi. 2, p. 184 ; Icon. Dil. elth 323, f. 416; Coram. 
prsel. 1. 11.) On the coast of Carolina and Florida, % Aug. v. v. Flowers 
white. 

Eliot's Botany of South Carolina. 

Agave Virginica. Stemless, herbaceous, leaves with cartilaginous serra- 
tures. Scape simple. Root perennial, tuberous, premorse. Radical leaves 
long lanceolate, acute, very smooth, succulent. Stem leaves semiamplexi- 
■caul, acute, resembling scales. Scape four to six feet high, terete, glabrous. 
Flowers sessile. Calyx, none. Corolla fragrant, of an obscure yellow color, 
tubular, furrowed, segments shorter than the tube, acute. Filaments spotted, 
twice as long as the corolla, inserted into the base. Styleteretes shorter than 
the filaments, spotted. Capsule globular, slightly three furrowed, three- 
celled, three-valved. Seeds numerous, compressed, angular, two-rowed in 
each cell, attached to a central receptacle. Grorvs in pine barrens. Flowers 
in July. Common names and synonymes : Virginian Agave. Rattlesnake's 
master. Thick-leaved snakeroot ; the root, is bitter ; in some neighborhoods 
it is given in tincture as a remedy for flatulent colic, and as such seems 
deserving of notice. 

Re?narks by Henry Perrine. 

The foreign authors who have noticed this indigenous Agave of the 
United States, are chiefly the following: LinnseiiS, Sp. pi., p. 461 ; Willde- 
now, Sp. pi., II., 133 ; Roemer and Schultes, Syst. Veg., VI., 725 ; Botanical 
Magazine, 1,157; Lamarck, Fncyclop., illus. gen. plate, 235, fig. 2 ; Jacquin. 
Icon., rar. 11., plate 37S. The latter gives a detailed description, and then 
follows the observation of the range of this species. (! This species ranges 
from the southern parts of Pennsylvania to Florida." 

Our indigenous Yuccas have extended into the northern States, as orna- 
mental plants, and have endured the winters of many years without injury 
to their leaves. In the garden of David Thomas, Cayuga county, N. Y., the 
Yucca filamentosa exists through the coldest seasons with the leaves green 
and undamaged. The Yucca flaccida also grows well there, is perfectly 
hardy, and increases readily by offsets. y\t Princeton, N. J., in January, 
1838, green leaves of the Yucca filamentosa were dressed in a common flax- 



[ 300 ] 18 

mill, and the resulting foliaceous fibres are now in the room of the Com- 
mittee on Agriculture~of the House of Representatives, 22d Feb., 183S. 

H. P. 

Travels in the equatorial regions of South America in 1832, by Adrian 
R. Terry, M. D.; published in Hartford, 1834. 

Travelling from Guayaquil towards Quito, upon the highlands or moun- 
tains, at page 137, he says : " Mocha is the most miserable Indian village 
(notwithstanding its inn) which I have seen in South America." The 
climate is rendered excessively disagreeable by the cold snowy winds which 
blow from the adjacent mountains. At 9 a. m., (of the 12th of July,) with 
a bright sun and very little wind, the thermometer stood at 48° Fahrenheit. 
At 1 p. m., started for Hambato, distant about six leagues. The country is 
little else bnt a succession of sandy plains, separated by ravines, or water 
courses, made during the rainy season. These were generally dry, or at 
most, bnt a scanty stream wound along their bottom. In some of the less 
barren spots, fields of wheat were to be seen. These fields are surrounded 
by hedge rows of the Agave Americana,* p. 138. 

Fibrous-leaved 'plants and foliaceous fibres. 

The plates of fibrous-leaved plants are intended to illustrate the divisions 
and subdivisions under which the genera and species are placed, according 
to the arrangement adopted by the subscriber, in his abridged communica- 
tions to the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives. 
They also exhibit our indigenous species of Yucca and Agave, or fibrous- 
leaved plants of the United States, which prefer the most barren soils, from 
the Potomac to the Mississippi, and of which some species have extended 
mto even our northern States. The first two plates were intended to 
represent specimens of fibrous-leaved plants, of the instruments for dressing 
the leaves, and of the foliaceous fibres, which have all been examined by 
the members of both committees on agriculture. As the originals still 
remain in the room of the Committee on Agriculture, these two plates may 
induce other members of both Houses of Congress to examine the speci- 
mens themselves ; and, at all events, these plates will enable our distant 
agriculturists throughout the Union, to form a more adequate conception 
of the nature and importance of propagating fibrous-leaved plants, and of 
preparing their foliaceous fibres. The subscriber has travelled thousands 
of miles, and spent thousands of dollars, to exhibit his specimens of superior 
substitutes for flax and hemp ; and he has the consoling recollection of the 
fact, that every intelligent agriculturist and statesman, who has devoted the 
time and attention necessary to understand the subject, has coincided with 
his opinions of the immense importance of producing these new staples on 

* In the 2d No. of the 25th volume of the American Journal of the Sciences and Arts, Jan- 
uary, 1834, is a paper by H. Perrine, Esq., on the Agave Americana, in -which he seems fully 
lo have established that the plant producing the hkneqtk.w or coarse hemp-like fibres, which 
are so universally used in the interior of Colombia, as well as in Mexico, and that producing 
the juice from which the fermented liquor, called jmlqiic, is made, are distinct. 1 did not turn 
mv attention to the subject when m Colombia, taking it for granted that Humboldt was correct 
on the subject ; but I now recollect seeing but one species of Agave, and neverseeing \hepulque, 
or hearing it spoken of as an article of manufacture; while the henequeu, which is made from 
is almost the only cordag'.*' to l^e met with in the interior. 



19 [300] 

the worst soils of the United States. Every agricultural society: every 
.scientific association ; every agricultural or scientifical periodical, that has 
become acquainted with his services and suggestions in behalf of the imme- 
diate domestication of tropical plants in southern Florida, and of their 
gradual acclimation throughout our southern States, have borne their united 
testimony to the practicability and importance of his great enterprise. 
Admitting, for sake of argument, that solely the fibrous-leaved plants will 
he domesticated in southern Florida, and acclimated in the southern States, 
he is willing to rest the merits of his humble petition to Congress on the 
production of foliaceous fibres alone. The individual members of both 
committees will do him the justice to admit the fact, that he has merely 
solicited their attention to the isolated merits of the enterprise itself; that he 
lias not used any extraneous influence to operate on the minds of themselves, 
or of other members of either House; and that his principal ambition has 
been to obtain their unanimous report, founded on their unanimous convic- 
tions of the national importance of his plans, to introduce and propagate the 
most profitable plants on the poorest soils. 

On the style and character of their reports, will greatly depend his hopes 
of speedy success to attract patriotic and philanthropic associates, who will 
persevere in the prosecution of the undertaking, to which he has already 
devoted the best years of his life. Under the simplifying division of the 
fibrous-leaved indigenous plants into two groups, the one is characterized 
by liliaceous flowers ; and the other by spadiceous flowers. Under the 
first group, he has made three tribes, viz : the lily tribe, the amaryllis 
tribe, and the pineapple tribe. Under the second group, he has placed 
three tribes, viz : the screw-pine tribe, the banana tribe, and the palm tribe. 
Under the lily tribe, he has placed the genera of Yucca and of Phormium, 
and Aloes may be conjoined. Under the pineapple tribe, the genus of Bro- 
melia, of Agave, and of Fourcroya. Under the amaryllis tribe, Lindley has 
placed the Agave and Fourcroya ; but they are still retained in the pineapple 
tribe by other botanists. Under the screw pine tribe there is but one genus, 
the Paudanus, of which there are many species. Under the banana tribe, 
are placed species of the genera Mttsa and Hdicoida : and under the palm 
tribe species of the genera called Bactris, Mauritia,&c. And hence, by a refer- 
ence to the plates containing species of either of the genera named, a general 
idea may be obtained of the common resemblances, and peculiar differences, 
in the leaves of each and of all. 

H. PERKINE. 

Washington, D. C, February 24, 1838. 



Indian Key, Tropical Florida, 

February 1. 1838. 

Dear Sir: Referring you to my letter of yesterday, I hasten to make 
some further remarks by this mail. 

1st. .Whoever emigrates to tropical Florida with an idea that they can 
derive a subsistence from our actual staples of agriculture or horticulture. 
on the plan and at the seasons to which they have been accustomed, will 
be most sadly disappointed. I have experienced enough, since my residence 
in Florida, to convince me of this fact; and have seen others around me 
suffer materially from the same erroneous idea. Lcok at the attempt to 



[ 300 ] 20 

make a settlement at Sinabel Island : several wealthy, intelligent, and enter 
prising men, from New York city and State, emigrated there during the 
years 1830 and 1831, with a lull determination not to be discouraged by 
any disappointments of a trifling nature, which the settlement of all new 
countries are subject, but to persevere until they should reap the fruit of 
their labor, depending for their supplies on the market of New York, until 
such times as they could raise their own produce. They continued for 
about two years, when they were completely disgusted with the country, 
and left it, carrying with them the very worst reputation of Florida: some 
returned to their former residence, others proceeded elsewhere. 

The fact is that the principles, practice, and seasons of tropical cultiva- 
tion are as opposite to those of entratropical culture as the climates them- 
selves. Associated enterprise must first form a model of successful vegecul- 
ture, and a nursery of supply for tropical cultivation, before any emigrant 
from the intemperate zone can have the least hope of success. 

1 could say much more upon the subject, but time will not permit. 

Respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 

CHARLES HOWE. 

Dr. Henry Perrine, 

Washington, D. C. 



DOCUMENT No. 2. 

Extract of a letter to the Secretary of State of the United States of Amer- 
ica. 

Consulate United States of America, 

Campeachy, October 23, 1834. 

M Finally, and with the fewest possible words, the subscriber most re- 
spectfully solicits the attention of the department towards the immediate 
introduction of tropical plants in southern Florida, and their gradual ac- 
climation throughout our southern States. He is, apparently, the only 
American consul who, in obedience to the Treasury circular of the 6th of 
September. 1827, has zealously devoted himself to promote the domestica- 
tion of tropical plants in the United States, by patient collections and per- 
severing transmissions of very valuable vegetables, and of highly important 
facts. He has thus shown that the most favorable climate of the tropics, 
for human health and vegetable growth, does actually extend up to twenty- 
eight degrees north latitude ; that the most tender plants of the tropics are 
actually flourishing in south Florida ; that hence the most hardy plants of 
the tropics, which profitably propagate themselves in the worst soils and 
situations, for our actual staples or customary cultivation, will doubtless 
thrive in similar sites, on the natural surface of tropical Florida ; that this 
unimproved territory will thus sustain the most productive plants for food, 
medicine, domestic economy, and the social arts, which grow in air or 
water, on rocks or trees, in miry marshes or moving sands, in the brightest 
sun or darkest shades, and yield the greatest amount of the comforts and 
luxuries of physical life, with the least possible labor, and at the least pos- 
sible price; that, moreover, this tropical district is easily susceptible of great 
improvement for all forms of vegeculture, and all classes of population, 



21 [ 300 ] 

inasmuch as the same canals which may drain the inundated swamps of 
their elevated interior, will irrigate the arid sands of its lower seacoast, and 
furnish water carriage and water power to the cultivators of hoth ; that its 
geographical position and political government, are superadded motive to 
divert the emigration of our tropical agriculturists from Texas and Cuha, 
and the voyages of our consumptive invalids from France and Italy, to 
tropical Florida; and, finally, that all valuable tropical plants may thence 
and thus be extended and acclimated throughout our States, at least as far 
as our improved tropical staples of tobacco, cotton, rice, and sugar. Both 
the Government and people of the United States have, heretofore, consid- 
ered tropical Florida to be a sickly and sterile territory, on account of the 
swamps of its interior, and the sands of its coasts, and hence unworthy of 
the expense and trouble of surveying and sale; but the subscriber has 
shown that it enjoys an extraordinary climate, by which it becomes at once 
both healthy and productive in even its rudest natural state ; that it pos- 
sesses a peculiar formation, by which it may speedily acquire all the addi- 
tional advantages of a highly improved condition ; and that, it is hence, 
alone, extremely worthy of immediate surveying and sale, and planting 
and population. That population may be speedily composed of those citi- 
Z3iis whose persons and property are annually lost to their country, through 
false representations of the value of the earth in Texas, and of the air in 
Italy; by showing them the great superiorities for wealth and health com- 
bined in the climate, the formation, the position, and the Government of 
southern Florida. As the humblest sectarians of New York have greatly 
promoted the public health and their private wealth, by the laborious prop- 
agation of the ordinary extra-tropical medicines alone, so the feeblest set- 
tlers of southern Florida may combine much more extensive public hu- 
manity, with much more profitable private utility, by the easier reproduc- 
tion of the extraordinary inter-tropical medicine alone. As the genuine 
species of medicinal plants are now nearly exterminated in tropical coun- 
tries,* and as the valuable lives of numerous citizens are hence anmially 
destroyed by noxious substitutes imported under similar names, public 
philanthropy also should aid private enterprise in the immediate introduc- 
tion of the salutary medicines to tropical Florida. But. as the enjoyment 
of corporeal and mental health are still more important than the remedies 
of material and moral disease, derived in general from physical and intel- 
lectual adversity, the preservative prosperity of mind and body, by banish- 
ing poverty and ignorance from society, is the principal aim of modern 
philanthropy. Yet, among all human suggestions to improve the social 
condition, by promoting individual wealth and intelligence, the subscriber 
has not seen any which approximate in value to the simple, indications of 
Divine Providence itself, in creating many productive perennial plants, 
which profitably propagate, themselves in the worst natural soils; and 
which are much more productive when aided by the least care, capital, 
skill, or labor of man. Hence the tropical plants, by him recommended 
for immediate domestication in tropical Florida, and gradual acclimation in 
the extra-tropical States, combine the merits of yielding the greatest possi- 
ble products, with the least possible labor, in the poorest possible soils; and 
hence their introduction will be an equivalent to the direct addition of 

* The natives collect the plants while flowering, and hence ;h.Te is no spontaneous repro- 
duction by seeds. 



[ 300 ] B2 

absolute fertility to the most sandy, stony, and swampy surface, or hitherto 
most sterile districts, and of positive wealth to the youngest, oldest, nnd 
feeblest, or hitherto poorest population. Although the deportment may 
have agreed with the books, that 'he palms compose the most interesting 
and most valuable family of plants in the world, yet, without personal 
opportunity of corroborating their testimony, it will be difficult to form an 
appropriate conception of the great and varied utility of the different parts 
of a single species, from germination, through maturity, to death. Even 
after seeing all that may have been written on the cocoa,* jaggery, t pal- 
myra, ■ morrichi,e and goinutyli palms, the distant reader can scarcely credit 
the certain result, that a single month, employed in planting any one of 
these species, will ensure more certain wealth to the laborer, and more 
tasting prosperity to his posterity, than a whole life of toil in regions where 
these trees have not yet arrived. 

But as the colored natives of the tropics have neither machinery nor 
management, nor desire to abridge the stupid labor now wasted in the 
mere collection and preparation of the spontaneous and abundant products 
of these hardy plants, how much more profitably will they be cultivated 
by the hands and heads of our white citizens in tropical Florida? Under 
the governing principle of our popular Government, "the greatest good of 
the greatest number," the subscriber has also especially recommended the 
most valuable species of the very hardy families of plants, botanically called 
Euphorbeee and Cacti; and of the natural order cf liliaceous plants, 
called coronaria 1 , fey Lirmceus, which includes the suborder Bromeliacca?. or 
pine-apple tribe of modern botanists. Although in the first (EuphorbiacEe) 
the farinaceous roots of the cassave (Jatropha manihot) have been greatly 
eulogized by all reflecting observers, the subscriber believes that Ins pen has 
been usefully employed in calling public attention towards its cultivation in 
civilized countries, by a le'.ter to" the Secretary of the Treasury, intended 
to show, that with much less labor and capital, they will produce much 
more farinaceous nourishment than any other roots or grains in the world ! 

Among various other profitable plants of the same hardy family, espe- 
cially recommended by him. those which yield Indian rubber or caontchoc, 
(Siphonia elaslica, Castillea elastica, &c.,) are daily becoming more and 
more important to mankind ; and the artificial propagation of them lias even 
been begun by the worst variety of the white speries of mankind for vege- 
cnltural improvement, the Spaniards in the island of Cuba. Among the 
Cacti, or hardy family of the prickly pear, he has long called public at- 
tention towards the cultivation of the cochineal nourishing species, which, 
with the breeding of the insects, is now becoming a lucrative business to 
old Spain itself, in spite of its civil, religious, and military misgovernmcut. 
Many species ought to be transferred to Florida on account of their very 
delicious fruit alone; especially the "tuna de alfayajuca," so celebrated 
in the city of Mexico, and the pitabaya or strawberry pine apple of Yuca- 
tan, which, bearing abundantly from the middle of June to the present dale, 
has probably prolonged the life of the subscriber. Other species insure 
food to man in periods of the greatest scarcity, and fodder to domestic ani- 
mals at all times, on the. most barren surfaces. Various species also afford 
impenetrable hedges for fields; formidable outworks around forts; and even 
boundary walls between nations. As we have various species of prickly 

* Coeos micifera. t Canyota urens. SBorassus fh belli formis. § Maurilia flexuopa. I! Go- 
mutus sacchariiera— Arenga sacekarifera, vel Saguerus Rumphii, vel Borasj-us gomutus. 



23 [ 300 ] 

pears in Florida, the sites of the useless indigenous kinds can be profitably 
occupied by the useful exotic species of Spanish America: many of which 
have run wild in the eastern hemisphere, and have become important ar- 
ticles of economical vegeculture in southern Europe. In referring to the 
hardy order of liliaceous plants in general, and to the suborder of pine ap- 
plelike plants in particular, the subscriber passes over the luscious fruits of 
species which ascend among the prickly foliage of otherwise sterile sands, 
to recall the attention of the department to the foliaceous fibres of many 
others, which do not even need any other enclosure than they themselves 
afford on naked rocks or arid sands. His numerous communications con- 
tain indisputable testimony of the immense value of the peculiar species of 
fibrous Agaves, cultivated in Yucatan, whose fresh leaves yield the folia- 
ceous fibres called "Sisal hemp;'" and of the great. importance of their im- 
mediate domestication in Florida; were it for no other purpose than the ab- 
solute necessities of our navy alone. He nevertheless recommends the 
speedy introduction of afew individuals of every other species of endoge- 
nous plants which are valuable on account of the quantity or quality of 
their foliaceous fibres, in order to have the relative properties of all deter- 
mined in a civilized country. He therefore respectfully directs the atten- 
tion of the department to "the various genera of .Agave, Aloes. Bromelia, 
Yucca, and Phormuim : of Pandarius?, Mu-n. and Helicornia; and of the 
Gomutus. Mauritia, Bactris, and of the other genera of palms ; and to the 
places and habits of growth of the species of each genus in every family 
which are most productive of the most valuable foliaceous fibres ; as it con- 
tinues to be his unshaken opinion that the production of foliaceous fibres 
by civilised people should bo directly encouraged by the statesmen of our 
nation and the philanthropists of the world. Lighter, stronger, more clastic, 
and more durable, than the cortical fibres of hemp and fhx ; and produced 
by perennial self-propagating plants in stony, sandy, or swampy surfaces. 
with the easiest and cheapest cultivation, and the simplest and speediest 
preparation, the relative and positive price? ana properties ol' foliaceous fi- 
bres, insures their substitution for cortical fibres in the general consumption 
of mankind. 

I have the honor to be, 

Sir, very respectfully, 

Your obedient servant, 
HENRY PERR1NE." 



Consulate united Statics of America, 

Ca f/t peachy. November 23. 1834. 

Sir.: In resuming ihe topic of tropical plants nnconclnded in the last 
communication of the 23d ultimo, the subscriber has the satisfaction to add 
to the section on foliaceous fibres, a reference to pages 165 — 6, of the re- 
cent "Memoriasde la Institucion agronomadela Havana, par Don Ramesde 
la Sagra. 1S34." This gift, with a letter from the author, dated the 3d of Oc- 
tober," arrived the 3d instant, and extracts from both should have accompa- 
nied the second communication to the Secretary of the Navy,* intended to 
be a supplement to ihe first on foliaceous fibres, direct, d to that department 

* They will still be sent, and it is respectfully desired that they may be read also by the Sec- 
retary of State. 



[ 300 ] 24 

on the 10th ultimo. From the spirit with which the professor has adopted 
the opinions of the subscriber ; from the favorable circumstances in which 
he is placed to prosecute the enterprise with Governmental aid ; and from 
the enlightened policy recently adopted by Spain, it is not improbable that, as 
she was the first nation to avail herself of the services of one foreigner to 
open a new world of mineral wealth to Europe, she may also be the first to 
avail herself of the suggestions of another foreigner to open a now world 
of vegetable wealth to both hemispheres. In the royal botanical garden 
at Havana, she is introducing and propagating all useful vegetables of all 
tropical regions of the globe. In the royal pattern plantation lately estab- 
lished near it, she is giving gratuitous instructions in practical agriculture 
by the improved cultivation of all valuable species, both indigenous aid 
exotic, which may be profitable to the island of Cuba. The bestTkinds thus 
domesticated, she is transporting to acclimating nurseries in the Canary 
islands, whence after intermediate acclimation, they are conveyed to accli- 
mating nurseries, in southern Spain, for gradual acclimation throughout 
the peninsula. One of the important results is already seen in the profita- 
ble propagation and preparation of the cochineal plant and insect of Mexico, 
in the ancient mother country; and the indigo plant of Guatemala, is also 
travelling gradually to be cultivated and manufactured by the poorest la- 
borers of old Spain, with the improved process of extracting the dye by sim- 
ple infusion of the dry leaves. For the single service of thus extracting 
the coloring material and manifesting the superiority of the process, and the 
product, Professor Sagra was honored and rewarded by a special decree of 
the King, and was appointed sole projector and director of the acclimating 
garden and pattern plantation, with all the funds and laborers requisite to 
render them of the most extensive practical utility. If, for the infinitely 
superior services of the subscriber, in solely the discovery and extraction of 
foliaceous fibres, he should be honored and rewarded by a special decree 
of Congress, establishing under his direction, a national acclimating nurse- 
ry, near Cape Florida, he would consider himself amply indemnified for all 
his sufferings during the last seven years, and his utmost, his only ambition 
would be completely gratified, as he is firmly persuaded that a few thou- 
sand dollars thus employed, would be more productive of permanent pros- 
perity to his country, than many millions bestowed in any other way. In 
reference to Sisal hemp alone, until the present Secretary of State shall 
have attentively weighed all the facts and arguments alleged by the subscri- 
ber in favor of its production in the United States, he earnestly begs that his 
opinions may not he deemed extravagant or absurd, when he repeats his un- 
shaken conviction, that its introduction will make an era of as great im- 
portance to the agricultural prosperity of our confederation as the invention 
of the cotton gin ; that, as the narcotic leaves of one native plant of Yu- 
catan (which did take its name from the dependent province of Tohasco) 
do actually afford an annual exportation of nearly six millions of dol- 
lars, so the fibrous leaves of another native plant of this peninsula, 
(which may take its name from the exporting port of Sisal) will more pro- 
bably afford an annual exportation of six times six millions of dollars, witli 
a greater proportionate profit to the cultivators, than even the fibrous pods 
of another native plant of the tropics, which needs no etymological allusion 
to its name, since it affords more than one-half of the whole exportations of 
our country. In returning again, as briefly as possible, to the profitable pro- 
pagation of productive plants in tropical Florida, on its poorest soils, the 



25 [ SOO ] 

subscriber respectfully reminds the department, that the successful experi- 
ments at Rio Janeiro have demonstrated that the tea plant of southern Chi- 
na will rapidly arrive at maturity in the arid sands of any tropical climate; 
and that their plucked leaves are speedily prepared for exportation by the 
most simple apparatus and the most ignorant laborers. The absurd stories 
heretofore told about the different and difficult processes of drying the 
leaves, and the extremely troublesome and tedious manipulation of rolling 
them, adapted only to the starving, cheap labor of a Chinese crowded popu- 
lation, have been all positively contradicted by the personal observation of 
respectable Americans, in Brazil; and for the intelligent testimony of, proba- 
bly Ur. Dekay, the department is respectfully referred to the New York Far- 
mer, for 1S28, pages 105-7. We thus arrive at the important gen- 
eral result, that the only tedious operation from the planting of the slips to 
the selling of the tea, is the light labor of the feeble in sex, age, or health, to 
pick and assort the successive crops of the green leaves ; that one man may 
cure and prepare for market the entire produce of sixteen acres ; that the 
plants of two feet high, four feet apart, will yield an annual average of three 
pounds of leaves, or upwards of eight thousand per acre: and that hence, 
attaching the highest value to American labor of all ages and sexes, and 
abilities, the production of tea, at even one-half of the price of solely the 
average duties yet added in our ports, or fifteen cents a pound, will afford 
much more profitable employment to American capital than any actual 
branch of American agriculture.. 

But there is another plant and product of the East Indies which can be 
so much more profitably propagated in our tropical territory, than even in 
our warmest extra-tropical districts, that our coldest States are actually sin- 
ning against the now established policy of the nation, and against the fu- 
ture prosperity of their own citizens, in continuing their war against nature 
to force the domestications of the many-stemmed mulberry tree of Manilla, 
and the tender silkworm of southern China, although not more than one 
crop of cocoons will be the average annual reward of their mistaken labors. 
In Guadaloupe, the French Government sustains an establishment of 40,000 
plants of moms multicaulis, and from experiments made in that island dur- 
ing three successive years by Dr. Meunier, of the royal navy, and repeated 
in Cuba, by Professor Sagra. of the royal botanical garden and pattern plan- 
tation, near Havana, it. is demonstrated that ten successive crops of cocoons 
every year, may be obtained from the perpetually unfolding leaves of this 
valuable exotic in tropical climates, and consequently in tropical Florida. 
Let, then, New England send to this productive climate only one-tenth of her 
surpluspopulation now unprofitably employed in the production of cocoons, 
and she will thus insure to the other nine-tenths in their wintry home, a 
much more profitable employment in the manufacture of silk alone. It re- 
mains to be decided by our civilized citizens whether it will be stilt more 
profitable to propagate the social silkworm of the evergreen oaks of the 
forests by Vera Cruz, which spin cocoons of two to eight feet long! ! 

One species of the indigo plant grows wild in the barren soils of Florida, 
and in the southern divisions will yield four crops a year; by adding differ- 
ent species which mature at successive periods, the annual quantity collect- 
ed may be increased to an indefinite amount ; the many leaved species of 
Senegal which flourishes on the dryest sites in the dryest times, seems des- 
tined to form as important an auxiliary to the production of indigo, as the 
many-stemmed mulberry c f Manilla has proved to the production of silk. 



[ 300 ] 26 

The substitution of infusion for fermentation of the plant, has rendered the 
extraction of the dye, a light, simple, brief, cheap, and healthy process. 
What more could be said to prove that indigo may now be profitably pro- 
duced there, by our poorest families, for home consumption and the foreign 
market. 

As many years, much labor, and more money have been spent in 
voluminous writings and fruitless experiments to acclimate the wine grape 
of Europe in the United States, and Government has even repeatedly 
condescended to grant to foreigners certain tracts of our richest soils to 
encourage the introduction and promote the culture of the vine, which bears 
but one uncertain crop of fruit each year; how much more worthy of the labor 
of individuals and the bounty of Government, the enterprise ofdomesticating 
on the poorest calcarous surface of tropical Florida, the " uva de todo 
tietnpo," or everbearing grapevine of Campeachy, whose clusters of fruit 
ripen every month in every year. The natural coffee trees of the poorest 
soils of Arabia yield the finest flavored grains from fallen berries of complete 
maturity; and the pulpy portion of these coffee cherries is there converted 
into a commercial drink, which may be profitably distilled into spirits. The 
artificial coffee bushes, of the richest soils of the West Indies, yield larger 
grains of inferior flavor, extracted from picked berries rarely entirely ripened ; 
and the pulp is thrown away, or used as manure. But, as even the Spanish 
planters of Cuba have lately begun to discover that it is more profitable to 
shake four or five pounds of fine flavored coffee from unmutilated trees 
on arid sands, than to pick four or five ounces of bad flavored coffee from 
mutilated bushes in vegetable loam, it is hoped that our poorest people, 
who, in preserving the pits of peaches ior sale are not guilty of using the pulp 
for manure alone, will also soon discover that the coffee tree may be a profitable 
companion of the tea plant in every yard or garden of southern Florida. 
In the recent history of the island of Cuba, Professor Sagra proudly boasts 
that the fine flavored tobacco of Havana is an exclusive product of that 
island ; yet, as by his own showing, the flavor depends solely on natural 
peculiarities of small and distant portions of its surface, all that is necessary 
for its successful growth in south Florida is the selections of the same kind 
of soils. As the subscriber limits himself to brief notices of such plants as 
may be profitably produced by our poorest people on the poorest and 
unimproved soils of tropical Florida; and as the profitable productions of 
sugar require large capitals and rich vegetable loam,* he will merely remark, 
that on the drained marshy interior of that Territory it can be produced 
at so low a price as to become a profitable article of exportation to the torrid 
zone itself. In addition to our tropical rice, tropical tobacco, and tropical 
cotton, which continue to be consumed in tropical poxts in spite of enormous 
duties and prohibiting laws, although raised in our extra tropical Territory, 
he incidentally adds, that, from statistical data, it may be demonstrated, 
that the surface of our peninsula alone is sufficiently extensive to yield a 
greater quantity of all tropical staples than is at present exported from 
all inter-tropical regions of the world. The black pepper plants of the East 
Indies, introduced at Cayenne, were propagated with such extraordinary 

* February 22, 1833. The subscriber dees not fcelieve that it is either practicable or 
desirable to have great plantations of great staples in southern Florida. Every family of 
small cultivators, on small farms, may, however, raise tea, coffee, chocolate, and sugar, &c., 
for family consumption; and the small surplus for sale Will make a great aggregate for the 
home market of the other States; in the same way that apples, cherries, currants, &c, are 
applied by the farmers of the north. H. P. 



27 [ 300 ] 

perseverance by General Bernard, that nine years ago, his estate alone 
contained more than thirty thousand maturing vines, estimated to yield four 
or live killogrames each, of pepper, for exportation. In Florida, one species 
is indigenous, and therefore oilers more hopes for acclimating its brethren. 

The black pepper vines may be economically trained on fruit trees, as 
are the grape uues in Italian orchards; and thus the fruit (whose goodness 
depends entirely on the natural properties of the soil) may he obtained much 
cheaper than in the native or naturalized countries of this vine, where it is 
sustained by withered poles or worthless trees. The betel pepper vine may 
also be propagated in tropical Florida, because '-'such is the consumption 
of the betel in the east, that it occasions a branch of commerce nearly as 
extensive as that of tobacco in the west;*' and because our superior people, 
under our superior institutions, can cultivate, at the highest rate of labor, any 
product much cheaper than the inferior races under the misgovern merit 
of the tropics, at the lowest rate of labor, even should it not exceed three 
cents a clay. The same remarks will apply to the production of the kindred roots 
of the common species of ginger, turmeric, and arrow root; and with still 
more ibrce to the superior species not generally, known, by contrasting the 
results of their improving cultivation by civilized agriculture with the 
quantity and quality obtained by the deteriorating culture of uncivilized 
hands. The medicinal aloes will thrive in the most dry and barren soils, 
'■ may be planted at any season of the year, even in the driest, as (hey will 
live on the surface of the earth for many weeks without a drop of rain ;'' 
are set out like young cabbages in rows of one foot apart, at five or six 
inches from each other; require no other trouble than weeding only until 
their own leaves become large enough to shade the ground ; may be cut the 
first year, and will continue productive from ten to fifteen years in succession. 
The same observations are applicable to the propagation of the hardy 
kindred plants, the hene'qiten Agaves Of Yucatan ; the pulque Agaves of 
Mexico, and the pine-apple bromelia, of Peru ; with the exception that the 
last are placed about three feet apart, and do not. generally yield their 
luscious fruits before the third year. The second are planted about five 
feet apart, and do not yield the celebrated juices of their developing stems 
under five years ; and the first, when transplanted at a yard high about two 
yards apart, will yield the abundant fibres of their fully developed leaves at 
the end of the second year. 

Omitting further references to plants cultivated in the sun, the subscriber 
invites the attention of the department to some brief notices of valuable 
vegetables which arc propagated in the shade The sudorific roots, called 
sarsaparilla, of a prickly climber, which is a brother of our sweet briar ; the 
purgative roots, called jalap, of a creeping vine, which is a half-brother of our 
swiet potatoe ; the emetic root, called ipecacuanha., of a small shrub which 
is a relation of common coffee ; and the tonic bark, called Peruvian or 
cinchona, of a large tree, which belongs to the same family, all flourish in 
the thickest forests, and would continue to propagate themselves by their 
ripe seeds, did not the improvident natives collect them when the plants 
are in flower ; and hence it is respectfully suggested, that it is a moral 
obligation of our Government to transfer a few individuals of every valuable 
species of all tropical medicines, to propagate themselves with safety in 
tropical Florida. The propagation of the parasitical vine, which yields the 
odorous pods called the vanilla bean, in the forests of Vera Cruz, is not 
entitled to the name of agriculture, as it is effected simply by tying slips to 



[ 300 ] 28 

the trunks, or dropping them at the roots of any tree in the woods. The 
istle of Goazacoalcos, or the brother of the pine apple, whose thin, narrow, 
long leaves, yield the foliaceous fibres called pita, a superior substitute for 
flax, needs no other preparation for their self-propagation than clearing 
away the undergrowth of the forests. 

The celebrated gomutus palm, which grows wild in the swampy woods of 
Sumatra, and yields 4 to pounds annually of the black horsehair-like fibres, 
called ejoo, besides sago, wine, sugar, thatch, &c, and was considered by 
the British Government to be the most valuable substitute for hemp, discov- 
ered by the distinguished and favored Dr. Roxburgh, and was. therefore, 
propagated extensively in the dominions of the East India Company. 
The Mauritia flexuosa, or the marriche palm, of the islands of the delta of 
the Orinoco, which are overflowed by the inundations of the river half the 
year, and by the tides of the sea twice a day during the remaining six 
months, nevertheless yields all the vegetable materials for building, for 
furniture, for domestic utensils, for clothing, for food, and for drink, which 
are necessary for the comfortable existence of man. The trees, which 
yield abundant substitutes for bread, for butter, and for milk, will all propa- 
gate themselves in shady groups or on arid soils. Even the cultivated 
chocolate-tree will perish, unless protected by the shade of other trees, and 
can hence be propagated in the marshy woods of tropical Florida. The 
tien palm, growing wild in marshy spots, furnishes to the indolent Brazil- 
ians an equivalent to the grape in the pulp ; and a miniature cocoanut in 
the stone and kernel of its clustering fruit ; and in its very fibrous leaves a 
superior substitute for flax and hemp. (Without multiplying the list, enough 
has been said to show that even the uncleared, unimproved lands and 
swamps of southern Florida, may be profitably employed in the propaga- 
tion of tropical plants.) The Sagus farinifera, or sago palm, " is an inhab- 
itant of only low, marshy spots. A good sago plantation or forest, is a bog 
knee deep." Five or six hundred pounds is no unusual quantity of nutri- 
tive matter afforded by a single tree : but taking the least average at 300 
pounds, and allowing even 15 years for complete maturity, a single crop 
will be equivalent to 8,700 lbs. per acre of annual supply of farinaceous 
matter. As the pimento tree of tropical America, and the cinnamon tree 
of tropical Asia, are disseminated in the most extensive forests, and in the 
most impassable jungles, by birds and beasts alone, it may be safely pre- 
dicted, that if a single plant of each should come to maturity in tropical 
Florida, they will both be ultimately so spread over the whole peninsula, 
that our childien will hunt for wild alspice as anxiously as they now 
seek other wild berries ; and that our cattle will eat the aromatic leaves of 
the laurus cinnamomum as greedily as they now devour the "sweet leaves 
of the Hopea tinctoria." Cloves grow luxuriantly in a sterile soil, com- 
posed of yellowish or reddish clay ; and although, in the West Indies, the 
sun is admitted to them after the first year, yet it is probable that they 
would flourish still better in shades analagous to those of their native 
forests ; and as nutmegs are disseminated by the wood pigeon, the same 
remark may be extended to them, although they are cultivated success- 
fully in the sun of Trinidad. The more delicious fruits of the tropics 
also run wild throuL r h the forests of every tropical territory into which 
seeds and plants are introduced by accident or design. The honest Bernal 
Diaz tells us, that while detached in Goazacoalcos. he found nine orange 
seeds in his trunk, which he planted by the side of the temple in which he 



29 [ 300 j 

lodged ; and that the native priests, perceiving that the plants were new, 
carefully attended their growth, (a strong evidence of the great civiliza- 
tion of the Mexican Indians of that period.) The progeny of these oranges 
are now found wild in the woods of almost every State of Mexico. Thirty- 
seven years ago the first mango stones were brought from Jamaica to Cam- 
peachy, and the first tree is still flourishing at a great height in the suburbs 
of Saint Roman. At present, many fine varieties of this delicious fruit 
are spread all over Yucatan and Tobasco. the greatest number by acci- 
dental propagation. At a still later period, a few grains of Guinea-grass 
were brought to this peninsula, and has now so overrun the lots and yards 
of the suburbs, as to be considered an objection by recent purchasers. 
Spondias are so " easily increased by cutting, that if a branch, ladened 
with young fruit, be set in the ground, it will grow, and the fruit will 
soon come to maturity. In St. Domingo, they make hedges of the boughs, 
which flower and bear fruit in a few months. The inhabitants of extra 
tropical climates, generally believe that oranges and pine-apples are the 
most delicious fruit of the tropics ; but travellers, and natives generally, 
concur in placing far above either, the best varieties of the mango, the du- 
rion, the cherimoyer, and, above all, the mangosteen. While some con- 
sider the durion to be one of the most delicious productions of nature, 
others give the cherimoyer the reputation of being the finest fruit in the 
world, next 10 the mangosteen ; and all suppose that the equal of the latter 
does not exist. The sapotes mameys, &c, compose a genus (Achras) of 
fruit-bearing timber-trees of the forests of tropical America, which merit 
propagation for the value of their wood alone. So the forest trees, valua- 
ble in the mechanical and chemical arts, after being cut, combine the ad- 
ditional merits of beauty and utility, or both, while growing. The cedar 
of Barbadoes, so noted for the size of its trunk ; the habi of Campeachy, 
(piscidia erythina,) which is prized in Yucatan for ship-building, more 
highly than the live-oak of the United States, or the teak of the East In- 
dies, are both rapid growing and highly ornamental trees, (as well as maho- 
gany,) in the most stony and sandy soils. Brazil letto and logwood form beauti- 
ful and excellent hedges ; and the arnotta shrub is a handsome decoration for 
gardens. Without multiplying the list of valuable plants which will prop- ' 
agate themselves, or be spread by winds, beasts, and birds, over extensive 
forests, in every tropical territory to which they may be carried, by acci- 
dent or design, enough has been said to show, that even the natural, un- 
cleared sands and swamps of southern Florida, may be profitably popu- 
lated with tropical plants. As, however, the species of musa, which yields 
the plantain and banana, are self-propagating natives of shady and humid 
situations, it is in order to add that if, indeed, other species of the same 
genus, or of the family genera of heliconia, urania, or strelitzia, should also 
yield the fine fibres* of which the most delicate muslins of India are pre- 
pared, and the coarse fibres called Manilla hemp, of which our strongest 
cordage is made, they will combine the merits of yielding much more food 
and fibres, with much less labor than any other plants in the world ; and 
that the introduction of the useful species of this most productive family 

* I am now satisfied that fine fibres can be profitably obtained from the lamina of the stalks 
of certain species of banana; but am still doubtful relative to the precise species called abaca, 
which yields the Manilla hemp. H. P. 16th Nov., 1837. 



[ 300 ] 30 

in south Florida, is much more worthy of a special voyage of one of our 
largest vessels, than was the introduction of the celebrated breadfruit tree 
in the West Indies. In proportion to the gradual propagation of valuable 
tropical plants throughout the forests of tropical Florida, the useless na- 
tive undergrowth and. trees, may be as gradually extirpated from the ground, 
and the cleared and improved surfaces as gradually occupied by the re- 
maining valuable tropical plants which flourish best in the rays of the sun. 
It will be the work of years, it is true ; but with us, it need not be a work 
of many years. With our industrious people, under our free institutions, 
much more formidable enterprises have been promptly executed, whenever 
they became objects of national policy or of popular desire. 

The course of the Gulf stream and the origin of St. John's river indicate 
that the southern division of Florida is more elevated than the northern, 
and the swampy interior of southern Florida is more elevated than its 
sandy shore. Hence, cheap canals may easily be cut from the longitudi- 
nal centre to the parallel coast to drain the inundated swamps of the in- 
terior, whose consequent value for the production of sugar alone would 
amply reward the capital thus expended. These same canals would con- 
stitute lateral channels of communication and transportation between the 
great natural canal of the peninsula, the St. John's river, and the great 
natural canal of the ocean ; the Gulf stream and these very same canals 
would, at the same time, furthermore convey a sufficient surplus of water 
with sufficient descent to propel powerful machinery, and to irrigate arid 
sands on their route. The cultivators of the drained swamps, as well as 
of the irrigated sands, could always command the most appropriate quan- 
tity of moisture for every variety of their respective soils, and for every 
species of their peculiar staples ; and hence their vegeculture would be 
much more certain, prolonged, and productive, than can be the agriculture 
of any territory which is dependant on the clouds alone.* Looking for- 
ward to the period when tropical Florida shall be thoroughly improved 
and highly cultivated — when its forests shall be filled by the most valuable 
vegetables which delight in the shade, and its fields shall be covered by 
the most profitable plants which rejoice in the sun — when it shall combine 
all the material and mental enjoyments of which it is susceptible, from the 
benignity of its climate, the peculiarity of its formation, the proximity of 
its position, the character of its people, and the form of its government, we 
may safely predict that, in population, wealth, and happiness, it will greatly 
exceed every other equal portion of the world. These views may be con- 
sidered visionary by the department, and will be ridiculed by almost every 
citizen of the United States who may not have resided long enough in the 
tropical regions to appreciate the immense natural advantages of their 
climate, and the equally immense political disadvantages of their govern- 
ment. The subscriber, nevertheless, does not desire any greater honor 
than the power of passing the brief term of his painful existence amid the 
privations and exposures incident to a chief pioneer in the planting and 
population of tropical Florida. If the swamps and sands of this unex- 
plored district be as sickly and sterile as they are generally supposed to be. 
the grant of a portion of this worthless Territory cannot be of any loss to 
our Government : and if the grantee can show or cause them to be both 

* In tropical climates, moisture is the substitute for manure: and hence cultivation consists 
in irrigation. H. P. 



31 [300] 

healthy and fertile, and therefore valuable to himself, his associates, and his 
countrymen in general, he should be entitled to them for the discovery or 
the labor. While Government continues to recommend the gratuitous 
distribution of more inviting lands to actual settlers, and while Texas con- 
tinues to bestow a league of 4,280 acres of fertile soil to every family, it 
will be difficult, it is true, to attract emigrants to southern Florida by even 
the unconditional gift of a section of 640 acres of swamp or sands to every 
occupant ; yet the'subscriber continues firmly persuaded that the facts and 
arguments relative to the climate, which he can offer with the legal di- 
visions of the conditional grant solicited by his memorial of the Cth of 
February, 1S32, will induce an adequate number of individuals to engage 
with him in the propagation of tropical vegetables ; and he attaches still 
greater importance to the law itself than to the land it may insure, as, by 
by indicating a favorable opinion of his services and suggestions, it may 
have a recommendatory value to attract also a sufficient amount of capital 
to accelerate ajid extend the enterprise. As southern Florida is not yet 
surveyed, nor offered for sale, and as many portions of its surface are 
covered with conflicting claims, a special act of Congress is absolutely es- 
sential to insure the right and safety of locations in any part of the Terri- 
tory ; and the subscriber cannot, in any other way, acquire the power of 
combining unity of design with strength of co-operation and perseverance 
in the pursuit, with the Yight of selecting the land, electing his associates, 
and directing their cultivation of the most productive plants. As Congress 
lias repeatedly granted to various foreigners, and their associates, certain 
tracts of productive soils in populous parts of sovereign States, to encourage 
objects of partial utility, although the grantees had not rendered any 
previous services whatever, and as the subscriber is desirous to avoid any 
further obstacles or delay from Congressional scruples, corporate insensi- 
bility, or political hostility, in the modification and passage of the bill H. K. 
No. 555, of the 25th of April, 1832, he now merely solicits, on similar 
terms, an act of sale or conveyance to a native American and his associates 
of an equivalent portion of unproductive lands in the desert extremity of a 
subject Territory, to encourage an enterprise of the most extensive utility 
ever proposed by a humble citizen of the United States ; although he has 
continued to render highly important services during the last seven years, 
by the careful collection and transmission of very valuable vegetables, and 
of still more valuable facts, at a great sacrifice of wealth, labor, and health, 
which would not be compensated by the price in money of a township of 
our most fertile soils. 

In connexion with the domestication of tropical plants, the subscriber 
has discovered, or developed, in the unappreciated climate of the southern 
section of the land of flowers, a fountain of human health, and a mine of 
vegetable wealth ;' and in the sterile districts of the southern sections of the 
Atlantic States, a natural preventive of State nullification, and a superior 
substitute for a national bank, which will save the lives of our sickly voy- 
agers to southern Europe : prevent the emigration of our healthy agricul- 
turists to southern America : extract riches from the ruined fields and refuse 
lands of our southern States ; afford employment to the surplus capital 
and laborers of our northern States, and thus preserve and promote the 
peace, population, prosperity, and permanence of the Union. In the letter 
of the subscriber of the 1st of February last, he briefly adverted to a few 
tropical plants which may be propagated in the most sterile districts of 



f 300 J 32 

the southern States much more profitably than the common staples can be cul- 
tivated even in the most fertile districts of the southwestern States. Mental 
and corporeal exhaustion prevent his noticing various other valuable vege- 
tables, with appropriate details, in the present communication ; and he will, 
therefore, merely refer to the three Mexican plants and the one East India 
palm then mentioned. By recent papers from the United States, he per- 
ceives that John Cowper, Esq., of St. Simons, has on his plantation about 
fifty mature date trees ; a fact which strengthens his opinion, that all the 
valuable species of palm, by gradual acclimation through Florida, may 
finally reach, at least, the northern limits of our palmetto. Limiting, how- 
ever, our attention to the jaggery tree, (Caryc-ta urens,) or the sugar palm, 
from which the greatest quantity of sugar is obtained, in the poorest soils, 
by the poorest hands, at half the price of cane sugar extracted from the 
richest loams, by the wealthiest planters, with the greatest skill and the best 
machinery, it appears that the sugar palm may be propagated much more 
profitably in Georgia than the sugar cane in Louisiana. By the Jamaica 
papers, published during the progress of the emancipation act of the British 
Parliament, it appears that even the abolitionists themselves relied much 
more on the production of the palm sugar than on the cane sugar, by the 
free labor of the poor, indolent, and ignorant natives of the East Indies, to 
supply the amount heretofore furnished by the forced labor of the black 
race, with the skill and capital of the white race, in the West India islands. 
The final passage of this destructive law, affords tacit evidence that the 
British Government itself was greatly influenced by the considerations in 
favor of substituting the sugar palm. Every person tolerably acquainted 
with the character and condition of the colored natives of the torrid zone, 
is aware of the fact, that their voluntary labor, however cheap and abundant 
it may be, will never produce, cheaply and abundantly for exportation, any 
staple which needs the combination of industry and intelligence, and 
capital and machinery. Even the production of cold-pressed castor oil in 
Yucatan, where the seeds are merely collected from wild perennial trees, is 
so trifling and so dear, that the principal consumption of Campeachy is 
supplied by the oil of Illinois, obtained from the seeds of cultivated annual 
plants, and augmented at least a hundred per cent, in price by the expenses 
and duties on its route. But the excessive indolence and improvidence of 
all the colored species of the human genus, between the tropics, is most 
strikingly shown by the fact, that famine occurs more frequently in this 
productive zone than in the most unproductive regions where the white 
species reside. 

During the nearly eight years that the subscriber has held his office, 
the tropical State of Yucatan has at least four times suspended its pro- 
hibitory laws, and permitted the entrance of tropical rice and tropical 
maize from our extra-tropical southern and southwestern States, to save its 
indolent inhabitants from absolute starvation. Hence, whenever any 
colored native of the tropics takes any pains to aid the propagation of 
any plant around his dwelling, it may be safely inferred that it yields a 
greater product, with less labor and skill, than any other vegetable with 
which he is acquainted ; and hence the preference given in the East Indies 
to the jaggery palm over the sugar-cane, (which have both been equally 
known from time immemorial,) is the strongest possible argument with the 
subscriber in favor of the cultivation of the former, and the manufacture 
of its juice by a free white civilized people. Hence, also, whei\a tropical 



33 [ 300 ] 

tribe have merely transferred a single species of any vegetable to the vicinity 
of their lints, it may be safely pronounced that, of all plants known to 
them, it affords the most certain and easy resource against famine, when 
unsuccessful in fishing or hunting, the first and favorite pursuits of all idle 
gentlemen, whether civilized or savage, in every part of the world. Thus 
may be conjectured the value of the Jatropha manihot, whose roots have 
furnished the only vegetable material for gluttony and drunkenness to 
various tribes of the woods and plains of South America ; and from the 
data acquired by the subscriber, he is induced to believe that farinaceous 
matter may be extracted from the roots, in the most sterile districts of our 
southern States, much more profitably than from the grains of the most 
fertile districts of the western States. In the same way may be deduced the 
superiority of the production of the coarse foliaceous fibres of the culti- 
vated Henequen Agaves of the fields of Yucatan, and of thejine foliaceous 
fibres of the propagated Istle Bromelias of the forests of Goazacoalcos. 
Although fibrous-barked plants abound in all parts of tropical America, and 
their cortical fibres can be more easily extracted than flax or hemp, the 
subscriber believes that no place can be cited in which fibrous-leaved plants 
can also exist, where the natives do not give the preference to foliaceous 
fibres. In the statistics of Vera Cruz, published in 1S34, it is stated that, 
although the soil and climate of Goazacoalcos is not surpassed by any in 
the world for the growth of cotton, the production of these capsular fibres 
has nearly ceased since the natives have had liberty to select their labor; 
while, on the contrary, the production of the fine foliaceous fibres, called 
Pita, of the forest plants, called Islle, are augmenting every year. In the 
year 1S30, there were found in the vicinity of seven small Indian villages 
in that district, 1,221 istales. i.e., istle patches; and there was reported, 
solely by the pass of St. Juan, for the port of Vera Cruz, an exportation of 
943 bales of pita, of 200 lbs. each, 1S8,600 lbs. 

As the natives never receive any article in return but silver, and as 
they never spend any money they receive, (their cloths being made by their 
women, and their intoxication being effected by the ' ; chicha," fermented 
from their own maize,) it is calculated that, since the first notice of the ex- 
portation of their fibres, their predecessors must have buried, of their value 
alone, a total amount of 2,825,000 dollars, which have never been of any 
value to their ancestors nor themselves, and may never be of any utility to 
their posterity or the world. From the abundant data already communi- 
cated by the subscriber, it may be calculated that foliaceous fibres of the 
Henequen and Istle alone, may be produced in the barren sands and in the 
idle woods of the south, much more profitably than the cortical fibres of 
the hemp and flax can be cultivated in the fertile fields of the west ; than 
even the capsular fibres of cotton in the rich alluvions of the southwest. If 
South Carolina will even cultivate her indigenous Yuca filamentosa, he 
will promise to her, with the rotary scrapers of Perrine, to separate foliace- 
ous fibres from its green fresh leaves, a gift as favorable for her agricultu- 
ral prosperity, as were the rotary pickers of Whitney to separate capsular 
fibres from their ripe dry seeds ; and as the profitable production of folia- 
ceous fibres will constitute a legitimate remedy for her agricultural distress, 
so will it prove a natural preventative of her State nullification. Indeed, 
the principal cause of the agricultural distress of the sterile districts of the 
old southern and northern States, is the extended cultivation of common 
staples in the fertile districts of the new southwestern and western States ; 
3 



r 300 ] 34 

and as the completion of canals and railroads between the loamy banks of 
the western rivers and the sandy shores of the Atlantic Ocean, will still 
further reduce the price of the present products of the planter of the south, 
and of the farmer of the north, their most effectual legitimate remedy will 
be found in the cultivation of such new staples as may be most profitably 
cultivated in each natural variety of their respective climates and exhaust- 
ed soils, and hitherto uncultivated lands. The useless species of the prickly 
pear, which overrun our barren sands, may be profitably supplanted by their 
useful brethren of the tropics : especially by the prickless nopal, or cochi- 
neal cactus, which nourishes the precious insect, whose growth and propa- 
gation affords a pleasant and profitable occupation to the feeble in health, 
sex, and age ; and yields, in its scarlet fruit, an agreeable food for man : 
iii its fleshy masses, a fattening fodder for animals ; and in the full-grown 
plants, a beautiful and effective fence for other objects of cultivation. 
Foreign commerce no longer affords profitable occupation to the ships and 
mariners, nor factory facturers to the machinery and operatives of the 
north. Of railroads and canals to the west and southwest, more will be 
completed than will find remuneiating freight to and from the Atlantic 
shores ; yet all will open additional channels for the natural current of our 
wealth and populations, to the fertile valleys of the Ohio and Mississippi. 
The additional surplus of laborers, and of funds which may shortly 
be let loose from the great canals, and from the national bank, will swell 
the great stream of emigration, and, however the new States, as masses, 
may be benefitted by the influx of money and inhabitants, their actual 
farmers and planters, as classes, must be injured by over-production of 
their common staples ; and the cultivators of the same staples in the old 
States will be absolutely ruined. To avoid the evils of over-production of the 
actual staples of agriculture in the only fertile districts of the confederation, 
where they can still be grown with a moderate gain ; to ensure a natural 
equilibrium between the four great divisions of the nation, with a profita- 
ble dependence on each other under a revenue tariff ; to afford a gainful 
occupation of the ruined fields and refuse lands of the south, which will 
constitute a natural preventative of the motives of State nullification; to fur- 
nish profitable employment to the surplus capitals and extra laborers of the 
north, which will form superior substitutes for the operation ofnational banks,* 
the subscriber has long proposed the immediate introduction of new 
branches of agriculture — the extensive cultivation of such tropical plants 
as combine the merits of yielding the greatest possible products with the 
least possible labor, in the poorest possible soils ! He repeats, that the do- 
mestications of such plants in the southern States, will be an equivalent 
to the direct addition of absolute fertility to the most stony, sandy, swampy 
surfaces, or hitherto most sterile districts ; and to the actual gift of positive 
wealth to the youngest, oldest, and feeblest inhabitants, or hitherto most 
needy population. Referring especially to such productive perennial plants 
as profitably propagate themselves in the worst natural soils, and which be- 
come much more profitable when aided by a very little care, capital, skill, 
or labor of man, he reiterates that these simple creations of Divine Provi- 
dence afford much more effective means to promote the wealth, intelli- 

* The subscriber's ten years' absence from the United States, and his consequent igno- 
rance of the facts and arguments for and against State nullification and ra'ional banks, render 
him unable to express any decided opinion of the merits or demerits of either. 22d February. 
1838.-H. P. 



35 [ 300 ] 

gence, and morality of mankind, than all the associations and suggestions 
of modern philanthropy, to improve the condition of the poorest members of 
human society. But, selecting only such species as are most valuable for 
the production of foliaeeous fibres alone, he continues linn ill the belief, 
that the cultivation of these fibrous-leaved perennial plants, will create still 
greater prosperity in the agriculture of our southern States, and pro- 
duce still greater revolutions in the manufactures and commerce of the 
world, than have ever yet been effected by the culture of our fibrous-pod- 
ded annual cotton. 

December 9. Were there, however, no other motives for an acclimating 
nursery at tropical Florida, than the domestication of such species and va- 
rieties of rice, tobacco, and cotton as are peculiarly valuable in peculiar 
soils, and of such as will flourish in sites and seasons where and when 
the actual species and varieties would perish, such an establishment should 
be encouraged on that account alone. Understanding that the actual 
Secretary of State has a variety of the nankeen-colored cotton in cultiva- 
tion on his plantation, the subscriber now forwards a sample of another 
spontaneous variety, which is cultivated in Tobasco, with the hope that its 
relative value may be fairly tried, in all natural varieties of our climates and 
soils. By ascertaining the precise natural variety of native soil in which 
any natural variety of exotic plants will become, not merely acclimated, 
but absolutely naturalized, we ascertain the sections of our surface where 
it may be most profitably produced, and where, therefore, it should be 
alone cultivated by the unforced industry of our happy country. He also 
transmits a sample of the " Algodon de vejuco,'' or the reported vine cot- 
ton of the stony eminences of Yucatan, which may be propagated like 
hops or beans, and may therefore become valuable for family use, where 
lands are scarce or poor. He is credibly informed that, on the eastern de- 
clivity of the Mexican cordillers, in a department of the State of Vera 
Cruz, there are some plants of one species of gosspium, whose capsular 
fibres are permanently red ; but the subscriber has not yet been able to 
obtain a single seed. It may be thought, in other countries, that the reten- 
tion of this rose-colored cotton by the natives, for domestic use, to avoid 
the trouble and expense of dying, would account for his inability to ob- 
tain the seeds ; but the fact is, that a foreigner can very seldom obtain any 
peculiar plant of Mexico, without a personal voyage to the place of its growth, 
and a clandestine conveyance to the vessel in which it may be exported. 
Indeed, the mere fact that any vegetable is desired by a foreigner, induces 
the barbarous Mexicans to believe that he has discovered in it properties of 
immense pecuniary value; and to act as if they supposed that his posses- 
sion of a single variety would give him the power of Aladdin's ring or 
lamp, to convey off the same genus in the twinkling of an eye. Even in 
cases where elevated personages have affected to favor the views of for- 
eigners, in the collection of seeds, it has generally been too late discovered 
that their power of germination was destroyed by boiling, of which a notable 
example occurred in the seeds of the logwood tree, carried from Yucatan 
to Cuba. If, seven years ago, the subscriber could have believed the then 
incredible relation of the extreme barbarity and duplicity of Mexicans 
concurred in by all foreigners who had an experience of seven previous 
years, he should not have sacrificed one-seventh of the health, wealth, and 
labor to obtain, through Mexican gratitude, that aid in the collection of 
plants and facts, which could have been much more profitably obtained by 



f 300 ] 36 

his own hands and eyes alone. If on r Government should ever imitate- 
that of France, in sending botanists and agricultural collectors to these 
countries, the digressions of the subscriber may be usefully recollected in 
framing their instructions. It should also be recollected that the arbitrary 
definitions of technical botany retard valuable additions to practical agri- 
culture. To the mere botanist, even the kinds of plants which he absurdly 
terms " permanent varieties," are too insignificant for special description : 
but to the actual agriculturist, their nominal varieties are practical species, 
frequently much more important, for cultivation, than the different species 
of the books. Relying on botanists alone, we should be forced to admit 
that the sweet orange tree is merely a permanent variety of the bitter orange 
tree ; and that the innocuous and poisonous species of the cassave plants 
are mere varieties of each other! Hence, collections should be made of 
every kind of tropical plants, in every kind of soil, however great may be 
the resemblance of their external forms, if there be the least difference 
in their internal organization manifested by the site, situation, or season in 
which they flourish better than other kinds, with the same vulgar or botani- 
cal names. We shall thus find that, under the natural order euphorbiacse, 
there are many sorts of very valuable roots, known by the common names of 
Cassave, Yuca. Manioca, &c, usually reputed mere synonymes of each 
other ; and by the botanical synonymes of Jatropha manihot, Janipha mani- 
hot Manihot cannabinis, &c. It will also thus be ascertained, that botanists 
frequently engage in very silly disputes, where, although eacl\may be right, 
all mav be wrono- ; that in relation to the genera of the cassave, the ques- 
tions have been as idle as would be the argument presented by a long- 
turnip and a fiat radish, between persons believing them to be identical 
roots • and that agriculturists would be infinitely more edified by a state- 
ment of the facts, that the manioc of Cayenne requires fifteen months to 
reach maturity, and that the Yuca of Yucatan ripens in half of the time I 
The botanical errors of the notorious Humboldt, under the head of Agave 
Americana alone, have occasioned incalculable damages to the world in gen- 
eral, and to the United States in particular. Having seen the species with 
that name, which has run wild in southern Europe, and furnishes hedges for 
the inhabitants as far as Switzerland, it appears that he could not find any 
other species of Agave in all tropical America ; and he has, therefore, propa- 
gated the o-eneral opinion that it is the very same species as the Maguey, 
which is cultivated on the cool mountains of Mexico, for the inebriating 
juice of its undeveloped stalk, called Pulque, or Mexican wine; and as the 
Henequen, which is cultivated in the hot plains of Yucatan, for the coarse 
fibres of its developed leaves, called Sosquil, or Sisal hemp ; and as the Istle, 
which is propagated in the shady forests of Goazacoalcos, for the fine fibres 
of its long leaves, called Pita, or tropical flax ! 

The subscriber has long furnished sufficient facts and arguments to satisfy 
practical men, that the Isde does not belong even to the same genus ; and 
that the Maguey de pulque, and the Henequen de sosquil are, at least, very 
different species from the Agave Americana j but as botanical parrots still 
repeat that the Agave sisalana of the subscriber is a mere variety of the 
Ao-ave Americana of the books, he has great satisfaction in announcing to 
the department that, by the flowering of a plant of the Yashqui, a kind of 
Henequen, in its fifteenth year, he has acquired the power of demonstrating, 
botanically, not merely that it is an entirely different species, but that its 
fructification affords characters which may be sufficient to form an entirely 



37 [ 300 1 

new genus. Either as a. new genus, as a new species, or as both, it will 
perpetuate the name of any personage who may effectually promote its 
domestication in the United States, with much more meritorious associations 
than those which accompany the name of Bonapartea juncea, applied to a 
useless plant of the same noble nalural family of Bromeliacese. As the 
species called Agave Americana, is characterized by the spiny toothed edge 
of its leaves, the absence of thorns on the edge of the leaves of the Yashqui, 
is a specific difference, sufficient to distinguish one plant from the other 
in all periods of their existence. But as botanists have also aggregated 
specific characters, taken from the parts of fructification, although, by their 
own rules, these should furnish generic characters alone, the subscriber is 
obliged to follow them, to show that neither the generic nor specific char- 
acters of the flowers and fruits of this Agave are found in those of the 
Yashqui henequen. Suffice it to say, that, of this species of henequen, the 
corrolla is bell-form ; its segments converging, and longer than the tube ; 
the very long filaments are awl-shape, and inserted into the base of the seg- 
ments, or near the top of the tube. The style is not half as long as the 
stamens, and is even very little elevated above the segments of the corrolla, 
when its three-lobed stigma receives the pollen from the bursting anthers ; 
the corrolla, stamen, and style, continue all permanent on the germ, and the 
germ itself becomes a cylindrical capsula, which, opening at the top in three 
divisions, even splits the dried tube of the corrolla, still obstinately adhering 
with its withered segment filaments and style. Details of the mode of 
flowering, of the relative position of the abundant flowers, of the peduncles 
and pedicels, of the subdivided branches and branchlets, and of the stately 
stalk which sustains all, are not necessary for the objects of the present 
communication. Even the bombastic baron has admitted, in his essay on 
New Spain, that " in the Spanish colonies there are several species of 
Maguey which deserve a careful examination ; of which several, on account 
of the divisions of their corrolla, the length of their stamina, and the form 
of their stigma, appear to belong to a different genus;" and he has, more- 
over, confessed that " the plant cultivated for distillation, differs essentially 
from the common Maguey de pulque," being smaller, and the leaves not so 
glaucous, C1 but not having seen it in flower, I cannot pretend to judge of 
the difference of the two species." Yet the same dogmatic German, in the 
same pages, has unhesitatingly asserted that "the Magueys or metl, culti- 
vated in Mexico, are numerous varieties of the Agave Americana, which has 
become so common in our gardens, with yellow fasciculated and straight 
leaves, and stamina twice as long as the pinking of the corrolla." Having 
thus made the own pen of Humboldt convict him of gross misrepresentations 
concerning the Agaves, and having established the important specific differ- 
ences, if not the entire generic independence, of the very fibrous-leaved 
Henequen, the subscriber begs the department to reflect attentively on the 
single fact, that the very strong, light, elastic, durable, foliaceous fibres of 
the Yashqui, extracted from the fresh leaves by simple scraping only, are 
immediately converted into cheap cloth for bagging, &c, without spinning, 
twisting, or any intermediate preparation, or any fabrication whatever! By 
the quadruple properties united in the single, untwisted, foliaceous fibres 
of Henequen, they become a superior substitute for the compound, twisted, 
cortical fibres of hemp, in the manufacture of many coarse articles of 
extensive consumption, hitherto woven of spun thread ; and will furnish 
cheaper equivalents for baling, and envelopes in general, than any other 



[ 300 ] 38 

kind of extracted fibres, or any other material which can be woven, netted ? 
matted, or plaited ; excepting dried, undressed fibrous leaves ! Indeed, they 
are here used instead of hair, for the construction of sieves ; instead of withes 
for baskets; instead of leather and wood, for valises and trunks; and even 
as curious substitutes for glass and clay, in the shape of bottles, and bowls, 
and cups and saucers ; and hence it may be confidently anticipated that, 
in the United States they will, ere long, be converted into innumerable 
forms of ornament and utility, which, combining the advantages of cheap- 
ness, strength, lightness, elasticity, and durability, will become superior 
substitutes for similar articles of manufacture at present made from many 
different materials. The subscriber respectfully reminds the department, 
that, although the Yashqui species of Henequen yields the best quality of 
foliaceous fibres, the Sacqui yields the greatest quantity ; and that, although 
these are the most celebrated species in cultivation, there are several other 
species, wild in the woods and plains of Yucatan, which merit to be trans- 
ported also to Cape Florida. He, therefore, further suggests that great pains 
should be taken in selecting the very best individuals of the very best 
varieties of each species, on account of either the quality or quantity of 
their fibres, or the soils or situations which they especially prefer, although 
they grow well in all. 

Ten thousand of superior individuals of the superior varieties of the 
cultivated species of Sacqui and of Yashqui, and one hundred each of the 
peculiar varieties of the wild species of Chelem, Cahum, Chulul-qui, &c, 
would form a more valuable cargo than has ever yet been transported to 
the United States, even admitting that the fibres should never be devoted 
to any other use than to the manufacture of paper alone. By a letter of 
the 5th instant, from the Senr. Don Jose M. Peon, a legitimate representa- 
tive to Congress from this State, remaining in Mexico, the subscriber is 
reassured that a manufactory of the paper of Maguey exists in the village 
of San Angel, three leagues from the capital ; and that in consequence of 
it, another paper mill is about to be established in the city of Puebla. The 
collector of this port, who brought with him a ream of Maguey paper from 
the city of Mexico, states that by special decree of Congress, this paper, 
made of foliaceous fibres, is ordered to be used for the record of laws, and 
all official transactions of the members of Government. As, however, the 
best species of Maguey are very inferior to the worst species of Henequen, 
both in the quality and quantity of their foliaceous fibres, how much 
cheaper and better will be the paper ol Henequen ! And as the manufacture 
of Maguey paper is especially encouraged by the Government of a country 
in which ninety-nine out of every hundred adults cannot even spell their 
names, how much more greatly should the manufacture of Henequen paper 
be promoted by the Government of a country where ninety-nine out of 
every hundred children can both read and write. As the unextracted foli- 
aceous fibres of Henequen may be profitably produced, at half a cent per 
pound, and as the succulent parenchyma which envelopes them, will even 
aid their conversion into paper, it may be manufactured from the fresh, 
fleshy fibrous leaves, at so small a price, that Henequen paper may become 
as important an auxiliary to the progress of popular education as the 
printing press itself! Contemplating, then, the importance of the unex- 
tracted fibres of the Henequen for cheap paper; of the untwisted fibres for 
cheap peculiar manufactures, and of the twisted fibres for cheap cordage 
and canvass, the subscriber repeats, in the language of one section of his 



39 [ 300 ] 

rrfambrial to Congress, on the 6th of February, 1832, " That in the opinion 
of your memorialist, the domestication of the species of a single genus of 
tropical plants, will cause a great revolution in the agriculture of the 
southern States, which will not only effectually relieve their present embar- 
rassments, but will also give a productive value to their ruined fields and 
most sterile districts ; and that the extensive cultivation of a single species, 
the Agave sisalana alone, will furnish a profitable staple to the planters of 
the south, and a cheap material to the manufacturers of the north, which 
will supply many wants of our merchants' vessels, our navy, and our citi- 
zens in general ; augment our coasting trade, and our foreign commerce, 
and thus contribute greatly to the prosperity and perpetuity of the Union." 
As the precited Hon. J. M. Peon has forwarded to the subscriber a selected 
specimen of the best fibres of the Maguey of upland Mexico, the subscriber 
now transmits it, with an unselected sample of the ordinary fibres of the 
Henequen of lowland Yucatan, for the attentive comparison of the depart- 
ment; adverting that the Maguey fibres are extracted from leaves previously 
roasted under ground by tedious and troublesome operations ; while the 
Henequen fibres are obtained from fresh leaves by simple scraping only ; 
and to demonstrate the facility of the latter process, with the abundance of 
the foliaceous fibres, he will also send some fresh leaves of Yashqui and 
Sacqui, each having two-thirds of their length thus freed from the pulpy 
parenchyma, although the unscraped succulent extremities will doubtless 
mould on their way to Washington. The subscriber now entertains the 
respectful hope that the arguments and facts presented by his numerous 
communications in favor of the propagation of the fibrous- leaved henequens 
in particular, and of fibrous-leaved plants in general, throughout the poorest 
districts of Florida and our southern States, will be considered sufficiently 
important to merit that both the Executive and Legislative Departments of 
Government should immediately extend effective encouragement to the 
production of foliaceous fibres in the United States. As the last compromis- 
ing tariff has even cut off the incidental encouragement which a revenue 
duty would afford to the cultivation of exotic plants, the subscriber cannot 
doubt that the Executive Department alone will now effectually promote 
the objects of the unrevoked Treasury circular of the 6th September, 1827, 
so far, at least, as to instruct our naval vessels to carry hereafter, direct to 
tropical Florida, all such tropical plants as have heretofore perished in the 
extra tropical ports to which they were conveyed. As the services and sug- 
gestions of the subscriber, in behalf of the domestication of tropical plants, 
should entitle him to small favor, though great distinction, of a special act 
of sale of thirty-six sections of land in tropical Florida, to ensure merely 
the right and safety of location for himself and associates, in the propaga- 
tion of productive plants, he is respectfully disposed to believe that even 
the Department of State itself may promote the modification and passage 
of bill 555, of 26th of April, 1832, during the actual short session of Con- 
gress. As Dr. Ramon de la Sagra, professor of the botanical garden, and 
director of the pattern plantation, near Havana, continues to promise all 
the useful plants under his care, to promote the " utilisimo proyecto" of the 
subscriber, an acclimating nursery in tropical Florida may be immediately 
established, with all the fruits of many years, much money, and more trouble 
destined by royal bounty to fill the acclimating nurseries of Spain alone. 
As E. Rosseau, Esq., secretary of the Agricultural Society of New Orleans, 
has written to the subscriber that his various " lengthy and most interest- 



[ 300 ] 40 

ing communications," with the printed documents annexed, have received 
an "attentive perusal," and were referred to a special committee, to repeat 
the subject at the next meeting ; and that " the board appears very favorably 
inclined towards meeting his views," it may be inferred that this patriotic 
association will also aid the establishment of an acclimating nursery, in 
which tropical plants may profitably rest on their route to Louisiana. 

As the extraction, transportation, and transplantation of living plants are 
most easily and successfully effected during the months immediately pre- 
ceding the wet season ; as the immense geometrical progression of vegeta- 
ble reproduction in tropical climates, renders a single year of incalculable 
importance in the growth of a distributing nursery ; and as the health of 
the subscriber is gradually improving with the progress of the dry season, 
and of reviving hope, he is disposed to devote all his remaining funds to- 
wards the extraction of all the valuable vegetables, both native and exotic, 
of tropical Mexico and Cuba, &c, to their transplantation in tropical Flor- 
ida ; and, therefore, if, by the 4th of March next, Congress shall merely 
determine to grant him a safe title to a single section of land, and the Navy 
Department shall decide to loan him a safe conveyance of a single cargo 
of plants, the ensuing summer will witness the growing foundation of the 
most important establishment ever projected by a humble citizen of the 
United States, to promote the agricultural prosperity of his country. The 
successful progress of an individual collection of tropical plants, will pro- 
bably excite the speedy formation of a great national acclimating nursery, 
through which maybe domesticated in the United States of America, not 
only the united vegetables of America, but, also, all the productive plants 
of the world ; and, having always afforded a generous asylum to the op- 
pressed natives of all nations, we shall then furnish to the individuals of 
each, the heartfelt gratification experienced by the Otaheitean at the sight 
of a banana plant in the gardens of Paris, who rushed forward to embrace 
it, with tears in his eyes, exclaiming:, " tree of my country !" 

HENRY PERRINE. 



To the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of 
America in Congress assembled : 

The memorial of Henry Perrine, Doctor of Medicine, &c, and late Ameri- 
can Consul at Campeachy, in Yucatan, 

Respectfully showeth : 

1. That, on the 6th day of February, 1S32, your memorialist, respect- 
fully directed, from the city of New York, to your honorable assembly, a 
memorial in favor of the immediate domestication of tropical plants in 
southern Florida, which resulted in the printed pamphlets of the 1st ses- 
sion of the 22d Congress, headed Doc. 198, Rep. No. 454, and H. R. 555, 
a bill to encourage the introduction and promote the cultivation of tropical 
plants in the United Slates. 

2. The said bill, conveying to your memorialist and his associates a 
township of land, on the condition that every section should be forfeited if 
at least one-fourth thereof should not be occupied and successfully cult 



41 [300] 

valed in tropical and other exotic plants, within Jive years, was reported 
on the 26th day of April, 1832, " read twice, and committed to a Commit- 
tee of the Whole House to-morrow ;" that, as that period had not arrived 
on the 29th Decemher, 1S34, your memorialist respectfully directed from 
the city of Campeachy a supplementary memorial, to solicit that said bill 
might become a law, with such modifications as the wisdom and justice of 
that Congress should suggest ; and that, as said supplementary memorial 
was not, apparently, ever presented, your memorialist has come to this city 
of Washington, with the hope of attracting the attention of Congress to 
the most important enterprise ever proposed by a humble citizen of the 
United States to promote the prosperity of his country. 

3. That, to avoid all unnecessary occupation of the time or attention of 
either House during the present short session of Congress, your memori- 
alist most respectfully solicits that his petition may be referred to the Com- 
mittee on Agriculture, before whom he can appear with specimens of tro- 
pical plants, accompanied with documents and details to prove the merits 
of his claims, and the importance of his enterprise to the peace, population, 
prosperity, and permanency of the Union. 

And your memorialist, &c. 

HENRY PERRINE. 

Washington, D. C, Septembers, 1837. 



Extract of a letter to General Jesup from the Secretary of War, dated 

July 25, 1837. 

" It is true that the Seminoles dwell in an inhospitable and deadly cli- 
mate, and occupy inaccessible swamps and morasses, which are not sus- 
ceptible of cultivation or improvement by the whites." — Globe, March 
16,1838. 



Extract of a letter from General Jesup to the Secretary of War, dated 
Fort Jupiter, February 11, 1838. 

" My decided opinion is that, unless immediate emigration be abandoned, 
the war will continue for years to come, and at constantly accumulating 
expense. Is it not, then, well worthy the serious consideration of an en- 
lightened Government, whether, even if the wilderness we are traversing 
could be inhabited by the white man, (which is not the fact,) the object we 
are contending for would be worth the cost 1 I certainly do not think it 
would ; indeed, I do not consider the country south of Chickasa-hatch 
worth the medicines we shall expend in driving the Indians from it." — 
Globe, March 16, 1838. 



DOCUMENT No. 3. 



METEOROLOGICAL TABLES 

OF 

INDIAN KEY AND SANTA CRUZ, IN DETAIL; 

OF 

HAVANA, KEY WEST, NEW ORLEANS, AND ALBANY, 

The comparative results, or mean monthly and annual temperature, and 

fall of rain. 



[ 300 ] 



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bi 



[ 300] 



TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRUZ. 







er5 


<5 




3 


S 


% 


> a 
c 




Date. 


<t< 












P"»\j3 








< 




oj 


eu 


Ph" 


CB -r- 






to 


OS 


i-H 

80 


CO 


CO 


OS 


P M 


1S36, 


December 7 


78 


79 


79 


77 


77 


3 




8 


76 


79 


80 


80 


77i 


78 


4 




9 


m 


7~oh 
761 


n\ 


76 


75" 


75 


1 




10 


73f 


7% 


79 


77^ 


761 


fil 

°4 




11 


74 


78 


78 


76f 


76| 


76} 


4 




12 


75 


75 


79 


79 


77 


76 


4 




13 


721 


76 


771- 


76 


76 


75^ 


5 




14 


74 


76 


76 


761 


74 


75" 


a* 




15 


73 


76 


781 


78|- 


761 


75 


5* 




16 


73 


78 


801 


80 


77" 


76J 


7i 




17 


75 


78 


801 


80 


78 


77 






18 


78 


79 


81} 


80 


771 


76| 


3j 




19 


76 


771 


79 


791 


771 


78 


3| 




20 


75 


76i 


79 


79| 


77 - 


761 


4* 




21 


75 


77 ~ 


80 


79h 


77 


76 


5 




22 


75£ 


77 


78i 


78} 


76 


74^ 


4 




23 


72 


76 


78 


76i 


74 


741 


6 




24 


731 


76* 


78 


773 

1 4 


76 


n\ 


*k 




25 


73 


7(31 


761 


76 


731 


73 


3i 




26 


73 


7B§ 


77\ 


76 


74 


73 


41 




27 


73 


74 


7U 


76 


75 


74 


3 




28 


73 


76 


78 


77 


751 


74 


5 




29 


72 


741 


76 


77\ 


761 


74 


5* 




30 


70 


73" 


75 


761 


74" 


73 


6* 




31 


731 


75 


761 


76| 


75 


74 


3i 



NOTES. 

Extremes of temperature in twenty-six days, 70 and 8H. 

Greatest variation on any day, 7J degrees. The least variation on any day, 1 degree. 

The mean temperature of this month, 75f degrees. 

Frequent small showers fell during this month, but no one which continued longer than 
from five to ten minutes. These showers came with short premonition of their approach; 
and great care was required, while taking a ride or drive, not to be wet by them. 

NOTE BY H. P. 

For the temperature of Indian Key in December, 1836, and January, 1837, see the meteor- 
ological register annexed to the report of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of 
Representatives, No. 564, February 17, 1838. By comparing the weather at Indian Key and 
Santa Cruz, during the same five months, from 7th of December, 1836, to 7th of May, 1837, 
the superiority of Indian Key will be clearly seen, especially in the absence of frequent 
shower$ during the winter months. 



r 300 ] 58 

TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRUZ. 





Date. 


2 

■< 


g 




s 


§ 


4 


> a 








< 




Cm 


PU 


P4 


■?.s 






•hIc* 




oi 








Q C 






o 


Oi 


i— 1 


CO 

761 


o 


OS 


1837, 


January |l 


"i 


741 


77 


74 


73 


6* 




2 


72 


74£ 


78 


78 


76 


75 


6 




3 


76 


76| 


80 


80^ 


78 


78 


H 




4 


74 


75 


75i- 


76* 


76 


76 


2 i 




5 


761 


771 


80" 


80 


78f 


77h 


si 




6 


76" 


78£ 


80i 


SI 


79 


78 


5 




7 


76 


79 


80 


81 


79 


77 


, 5 




8 


76 


75 


761 


78 


78 


77 


3 




9 


74 


77 


80" 


78 


78 


75i 


6 




10 


74 


77 


801 


79 


771 


76" 


5 




11 


74 


78h 


80 


781 


76 


751 

• •-'4 


6 




12 


75 


77" 


781 


78* 


76| 


76 


3* 




13 


74 


TT\ 


78£ 


78£ 


76 


75 


4A 




14 


74 


77 


78 


781 


75 


741 


4i 




15 


74 


78 


78^ 


781 


781 


77" 


H 




16 


73* 


771 


771 


771 


76" 


75 


4 




17 


73 


77£ 


79 


79 


76 


75 


6 




18 


74 


78" 


78 


78 


77 


76^ 


4 




19 


74 


80 


80^ 


79i 


79 


78 


6i 




20 


75 


79 


SO 


80 


78 


76 


5 




21 


74| 


79 


80 


79 


78 


76 


RJ 




22 


73 


78 


801 


80i 


80 


76 


7i 




23 


73 


76 


77 


80" 


78 


76 


7 




24 


76 


79 


801 


80 


78 


76 


4£ 




25 


76 


77 


m 


78 


761 


76 


21 




26 


75£ 


77 


801 


79f 


77 


76 


5 




27 


76 


78 


801 


80 


76 


761 


4^ 




28 


751 


77 


77i 


77 


76 


751 


2 




29 


741 


77 


80} 


79< 


78 


78" 


61 




30 


76 


781 


Blf 


80 


77 


78 


5J 




31 


76 


78 


81 


801 


77 


76 





NOTES. 

The extremes of temperature this month were 7H and 81|. 

The greatest variation of temperature on any day was 7J degrees. The smallest variation 
on any day was 2£ degrees. 

The mean temperature of the month was 76. 

Frequent small showers occurred in this, as in the preceding month, but with less frequency 
at its close. 

1 passed the months of December and January at Frederickstced, or West End. During 
that time, I lived in No. 10 Strand street, and my thermometer was suspended in the coolest 
part of the hall of that house. The house fronts west, and is open also to the east; and has a 
constant draught through its hall whenever the wind is favorable to a passage through it. 



59 



[300] 



TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRUZ. 







m 


S 




a 


£ 


S 


> c 

. o 




Date. 


< 










, 


i»ve 






< 




p^ 


pu 


Ph 


"S-c 






CO 


OS 

79^ 




CO 


CO 


os 


Q * 


1837, 


February 1 


77 


82 


m 


764 


76 


6 




2 


741 


78 


81 


79 


76£ 


76 


6 4 




3 


75 


78 


81 


791 


76 


76 


6 




4 


751 


77 


77\ 


79 


76 


76 


3i 




5 


74 w 


771 


78" 


79 


76 


76 


5 




6 


741 


78 


81 


80^ 


78 


76 


6 




7 


74 - 


77 


80 


79 


78 


76 


6 




8 


74£ 


77\ 


80 


77\ 


77\ 


74 






9 


741 


78 


81 


80 


78 


76£ 


6| 




10 


751 


781 


81* 


81 


78 


76 


6 




11 


75 


77 


80 


78 


76 


75 


5 




12 


74 


78 


81} 


79 


77$ 


76 


04 




13 


75 


78A 


81 


81 


78 


75^ 


6 




14 


75^ 


76 S 


79 


7-41 


74 


73 


3| 




15 


74 


76 


79 


76 


751 


76 


5 




16 


741 


78 


79 


781 


75 


75 


1* 




17 


76~ 


78 


80 


80 


77 


76 


4 




18 


751 


78 


801 


79 


77 


75 


4| 




19 


74 


79 


79 


781 


74 


731 


5 




20 


74 


77\ 


79 


79 


77 


74' 


5 




21 


74 


731 


761 


76 


77 


75 


3 




22 


73 


75 


79 


791 


76 


74 


6} 




23 


73 


79 


8()i 


80 


76 


76 


71 




24 


73J- 


76 


80 


81 


761 


75 


7i 




25 


73£ 


791 


811 


78 


76 


751 


8" 




26 


74 


79 


$H 


82 


761 


75 


8 




27 


74 


78 


80 


781 


76" 


75 


6 




28 


74 


771 


80 


77^ 


76 


74 


6 



NOTES. 

On the first day of this month I removed to Bassin, the eastern town of this island; and, 
till the 22d of the month, lived in a house there upon elevated ground. I thought the air ol 
Bassin drier, and more grateful to the feelings, than that of West End. On the 33d I re- 
moved to the Pearl estate, a bleak and almost altogether comfortless situation. There I re- 
mained three weeks, and in that time lost more strength than 1 had gained in the preceding 
six or eight weeks. 

The extremes of temperature this month were 73 and 82. 

The greatest variation of temperature on any day was 8 degrees. The smallest was 3 de- 
grees. 

The mean temperature of the month was 77£ degrees. 

There were two short but heavy showers in this month; one on the 8th, and the other on 
the 1 l.h. Otherwise the weather was clear and very beautiful. 



[ 300 ] 60 

TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRUZ. 



Di 


Ue. 




< 


i— i 


5 

cu 

CO 


3 
Pu 


OS 


«3 . 


1837, March 1 


74 


80 


801 


80 


77 


75 


6|- 




2 


74 


76| 


79" 


78 


754 


74 


5 




3 


72 


77^ 


80 


79! 


75" 


74 


8 




4 


73 


78| 


80 


79} 


76 


74 


7 




5 


72| 


78! 


80 


80 


76 


75 


^i 




6 


73 


75 


79 


79 


76 


74 


6 




7 
S 


71 

70 


75 

74 


77 1 

77 


76^ 
76 


73! 

73! 


724 
72 


7 




9 


681 


74 


78 


77 


75 


72 


9£ 




10 


71 


74 


77 


76 


74 


74 


6 




11 


72 


77 


771- 


SO 


76 


74 


8 




12 


72 


75 


77" 


77! 


75 


74 


5| 




13 


7H 


75 


79 


78 


74 


73 


4 




14 


71| 


74 


741 


75 


74 


74 


3| 




15 


74 


76 


77" 


78 


76 


75 


4 




16 


74 


75 


76 


77 


76 


744 


3 




17 


74 


78 


801 


80 


78 


76" 


64 




IS 


76 


79 


79" 


78! 


77 


76 


3 




19 


74 


76 


76^ 


76} 


75 


75 


21 




20 


75 


75! 


76 


77" 


76 


75 


2 




21 


74 


76 


m 


791 


75 


74 


D 5 




22 


74 


76 


79 


7S 


75 


73 


6 




23 


70| 


77 


77 


76 


744 


74 


6! 




24 


m 


78 


82 


7S1 


76 


74 


144 




25 


72 


77 


80 


78" 


76 


7*k 


8 




26 


74 


78 


78 


78 


75! 


74 


4 




27 


734 


79i 


79 


784 


764 


76 


51 




28 


76" 


8o" 


82 


SlJ 


77" 


77 


6" 




29 


77 


82 


844 


S34 


80 


79 


7 1 




30 


79 


80 


84" 


78" 


76! 


75 


9 




31 


75! 


76 


77 


77 


75 


74 


o 



NOTES. 

A cold northerlv wind prevailed from about the 7th to the 21st of this month. On the 30th 
there was a heavy rain, which continued to fad for three hours. Perhaps not a sixth part so 
much had fallen in the preceding four months. 

On the 14th of this month I returned to the house, in Bassin, which I had left three weeks 
before. 

The extremes of temperature this month were C>~$ and 84£. 

The greatest variation of temperature on any day was 14* degrees. The smallest variation 
was 2 degrees. 

The mean temperature of the month was 7!. 



61 



[ 300 



TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRUZ. 



Date. 



1837, April 



2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 

22 

23 

24 

25 

26 

27 

28 

29 

30 



to 



74 
76 
75* 
7p 

78 

77 

761 

77 

791 

78 

77* 

78 

76 

77 

78 

79* 

78 

78* 

78 

77 

77 

78* 

77 

784 

79} 

76 

78 

78 

77 

76* 



C?5 



77* 

79 

79* 

781 

83 

78 

79 

79 



80 

81* 

80 
79 

82 

83 

81* 

80 

81* 

80 

82 

79* 

81 

80 

81 

83i 

82 

83 

81 

79i 

80" 



<N 



78 

78 

81 

80 

85 

78 

80 

81 

84 

83 

81 

80 

78 

82 

84 

84 

83* 

83* 

82 

83 

80 

80 

80 

81 

83 

83* 

84 

84 

80 

S4 



CO 



77 

78 

79 

80 

85 

81 

79 

83 

85 

83 

80 

80 

79 

82* 

83 

84 

81* 

82 

82 

81 

79 

80 

80 

80 

83 

82 

83 

82 

80 

82 



SO 



74 

76* 

76* 

77 

80 

78h 

78^ 

79 

80 

81 

78 

78* 

78 

80* 

81 

81 

80 

80 

80 

80 

79* 

79 

79 

80h 

80" 

80 

81 

78 

79 

80 



P- 



73 

7AI 

75" 
76 



76* 

77 

78 

78 

79 

78 

78* 

77 

78* 

79* 

79 

79 

79 

78 

78 

80 

78 

78 

78* 

77 

78 

78* 

79* 

78* 

77 






4* 
6 

4* 

7 

4* 

6 

7 

5 

3* 

2 

3 

6 
5 

6 
3 
3 
3 

21 
6 

n 

6 
6 
3 

71 



NOTES, 

On the 25th of this month I left Eassin, and returned to West End. At the time of leaving 
Bassin, the country around it had the appearance of almost uttter sterility. The canes were 
yellow from exhaustion of their moisture, the grass was nearly burnt up, and a number of 
cattle had died from want of water. At West End we found a beautiful verdure, for frequent 
small showers had fallen there. But (he air had become unelastic, and we all withered under 
its influence. 

The extremes of temperature this month were 73 and 85. 

The greatest variation of temperature on any day was 74. The least variation, 2, 

The mean temperature of this month was 76; 



300 ] 62 

TEMPERATURE IN SANTA CRU2, 



Date. 




<5 


M 




m 


S 


m 


■ 

> s 








<3 




& 


o* 


P* 


IS .2 






Hn 




(M 








Q M 






«£> 


O 


r-l 


CO 


«o 


O 


1837, May 


1 


78 


82 


84 


82 


79 


78 


6 




2 


77 


82 


84 


8U 


79 


m 


7 




3 


78 


81 


82 


Sl£ 


80 


77 


5 




4 


78 


81 


82 


81 


79 


77 


5 




5 


76 


84 


85 


83i 


80 


78 


9 




6 


76 


82 


82 


82 


80 


77 


6 




7 


76 


82 


83 


82 


79 


77 


7 



NOTES. 

The extremes of temperature in the first week in May were 76 and 85. 

The greatest variation of temperature on any day was 9, and the least variation 5 degrees 

The mean temperature of this week was 80J. 



Mean temperature of Havana, during every month for five years, from 
1825 to 1829, inclusive ; and mean temperature of Key West, during 
every month of six years, from 1830 to 1836, inclusive. 

The tables from which the first column is taken, were kept by Doctor 
Ramon de la Sagra, professor in the Royal Botanical garden and director 
of the pattern plantation near Havana. 

The tables from which the second column is taken, were kept by Wm. 
A. Whitehead, esquire, collector of the customs at Key West, and are pub- 
lished in the American Almanac, for 1838. 



Months. 


Mean at 
Havana. 


Mean at 
Key West. 


Remarks. 


January - 

February - 

March 

April 

May 

June 

July 

August 

September 

October 

November 

December - 


71.94 
75.32 
77.88 
77.19 
78.13 
81.75 
81.62 
80.72 
80.67 
79.30 
75.21 
72.37 


69.725 
70.502 
73.245 
75.880 
79.436 
81.578 
82.642 
82.760 
81.304 
77.057 
74.680 
70.650 


At Key West the means of 1830-'l-'2, were 
made from three daily observations of a 
common thermometer ; but those of 1834- 
'5-'6, were from maximum and minimum 
observations by a self registering thermom- 
eter. Hence the mean temperature, thus 
deduced, although the fairest method, is not 
calculated to make as favorable a show in 
comparison with that of Havana, made out 
in the usual way. Nevertheless, it is seen 
that the climate of Key West is, at the least, 
equally uniform in its temperature. The 
greatest heat and cold, at Key West, were 
in 1836 as follows: 

August 15, maximum 89i°, minimum' 80°. 
January 29, maximum 63i°, minimum 44°. 


Mean of years 


77.67 


76.622 



63 



[ 300 J 



N The night of the 28th and 29th January, 1836, was the coldest ever 
known, the mercury, in a thermometer under cover, falling to 44°, one de- 
gree lower than on the 8th February, 1835. The highest temperature in 
any one year has been 90°, making the greatest range ever known only 46°." 
Again, it will be seen by the preceding columns that the mean temperature 
of the six cool months, from the 1st of October to the end of March, inclu- 
sive, and of the six warm months, from the 1st of April to the end of Sep- 
tember, are as follows : 

Six cool months at Havana, 75.32° ; at Key West, 72.64°. 

Six warm months at Havana, 80.01° ; at Key West, 80.76°. 

It is here expressly repeated, that observations by a self registering ther- 
mometer in Havana, in the same years, are requisite for a fair comparison 
with the results of tables formed on the Florida reef. After all, however, 
the only positive method of obtaining accurate conceptions of any climate 
is by a full table of daily observation, such as that kept at Indian Key, by 
Charles Howe, esquire, during 1836-7, a copy of which is annexed. The 
register kept by Joseph Tuckerman, from the 7th December, 1836, to the 
7th of May, 1837, in the island of Santa Cruz, is also appended for compa- 
rison with the climate of Indian Key, because, although it is not as fairly 
kept as that of Mr. Howe, it is the only one accessible to indicate the weather 
of that too celebrated resort for invalids from the United States. To contrast 
the uniformity of temperature below 28° north latitude, with the variability 
of temperature above that parallel, we will take the monthly abstract from 
Dr. Barton's Meteorological Journal, for 1836, in New Orleans, and also his 
table of temperature by seasons. 



Months. 


Maximum. 


Minimum, 


Mean. 


Range. 


January --'*•.'* 


70 


34 


55.00 


36 


February - 


69 


33 


55.50 


36 


March 


75 


38 


56.75 


37 


April ... 


79 


58 


69.25 


21 


May - 


83 


64 


73.00 


19 


June - 


88 


68 


78.53 


20 


July - 


89 


71 


80.08 


18 


August ... 


87 


72 


79.72 


15 


September - 


86 


65 


77.12 


21 


October ... 


81 


43 


65.11 


38 


November ? » 


73 


34 


53.81 


39 


December ... 


74 


25 


50.19 


49 


Average - 


- 


- 


66.00 


29 



Average of lS33-'4-'5 and '6. 



Seasons. 


Sunrise. 


Midday. 


Sunset. 


10 P.M. 


Maximum. 


Minimum. 


Average. 


Range. 


Winter - 
Spring - 
Summer - 
Autumn - 


47.57 
62.10 
76.72 
64.29 


58.46 
70.52 

83.27 
72.89 


54.98 
68.23 
80.76 
70.63 


1.69 
63.41 

78.29 
67.13 


72 
86 
89 
83 


28 
46 
72 
34 


53 
66 
79 

68 


41 

27 
16 
32 



[ 300 ] 



64 



The decimal fractions are omitted in the last four columns. In the Stofli- 
mer's sun the average heat was 104.96°. It will be observed, that the tem- 
perature was not ever noted at the hottest hour of the day, or at the coldest 
hour of the night. It is, hence, evident that a self registering thermometer 
would have given greater extremes of heat and cold. The most important 
facts for invalids, on the degree and suddenness of the changes on any 
single day or hour, cannot be ascertained by these tables. 

To invalids the relative quantity of rain that falls, in given seasons, is 
an important consideration in the selection of climate and country. To 
exhibit the difference in this respect, between the climate of Louisiana and 
of South Florida, the following condensed statements of the monthly fall 
of rains at New Orleans and Key West, are selected. The first is obtained 
from the reports of Doctor Barton, of the monthly amount, in inches, on an 
average, of four years, including 1836. The second is taken from the re- 
ports of W. A. Whitehead, esquire, commencing with October, 1832. and 
extending through 1 833-4-5 and '6. 



Months. 


New Orleans. 


Key West. 


Excess at New 
Orleans. 


Excess at Key 
West. 


January ... 


4.69 


1.819 


2.871 




February ... 


a. 08 


1.337 


.743 




March 


2.64 


1.983 


.657 




April ... 


5.31 


1.087 


4.223 




May - 


2.44 


6.341 


_ 


3.901 


June - 


6.17 


2.388 


3.782 




July - 


5.03 


2.839 


2.191 




August 


5.24 


3.297 


1.943 




September - 


5.79 


4.350 


1.440 




October ... 


1.29 


3.330 




2.040 


November ... 


3.10 


1.491 


1.609 




December - 


2.97 


1.127 


1.843 




Total inches - 


47.35 


31.389 


21.302 


5.941 



It, hence, appears that on the average, for a whole year, upwards of fifty 
per cent, more rain falls at New Orleans than at Key West. But during 
the six months, from the 1st of November to the 1st of May, the period 
generally spent abroad by invalids from the northern States, the proportion 
of rain in New Orleans to that in Key West is 20.99 inches to 8.84, or up- 
wards of 234 per cent. ! It should, also, be remembered that in tropical 
climates the same quantity of rain falls in a much less time than in the in- 
temperate climates of the variable zone; that the rains consist of short but 
copious showers, and that the sky is clear immediately before and after the 
showers ; and that, hence, the proportion of clear skies and fair days are 
infinitely greater in those regions. The detailed Meteorological Register of 
Indian Key will illustrate all the advantages of its peculiarly favorable 
climate. 

To form some conception of the relative temperature of Albany, New 
York, of New Orleans, Louisiana, and of Key West, Territory of Florida, 
the mean monthly and annual temperature are appended in parallel lines, 
omitting fractions. 



65 



[300 j 





















•— 




0J 


._; 


























-Q 








a 

s 
a 
o 


0) 

fa 


J5 
S 

3 

13 




8 


a3 


s 
*-> 


To 


<v 

HI 
02 


01 

o 
o 

o 


s 

> 


s 

aj 
o 

P 


C3 

D 

C 
< 


Albany 


23 


16 


27 


42 


59 


65 


72 


64 


60 


42 


36 


26 


41 


New Orleans - 


55 


55 


50 


69 


73 


78 


80 


79 


77 


65 


53 


50 


60 


Key West 


69 


70 


73 


75 


79 


81 


82 


82 


81 


77 


74 


70 


76 



The average annual rains amount in inches, at Albany, to 40.33, at New- 
Orleans, to 47.35, and at Key West, to 31.38. 

Extremes of temperature, fyc, in 1836. 

Months. 



Albany 

New Orleans - 

Key West 



February 5 
December _ 
January 29 



16 
25 
41 



Months. 



July 8 

July 
August 15 



93 

89 
891 



Annual range. 



109 
64 
454 



Greatest 
monthly. 



60 
49 
19* 



It must here be repeated that, from the tables kept at New Orleans, it 
does not appear that the extremes of heat, at the hottest moment of the day, 
or of cold, at the coldest moment of the night, were accurately noted by- 
means of a self-registering- thermometer. 

HENRY PERR1NE. 
Washington. D. C, 

February 26, 1838. 



[ 300 ] 66 

DOCUMENT NO. 4. 

GEOGRAPHY OF PLANTS. 

List of officinal and economical plants. — List of agricultural plants of 
Cuba ; all of great importance to the agricultural community of the 
United States in general, and of Florida and the southern States in 
particular. 

Under this head is to be considered the manner in which plants are 
affected by climate or station, and the conditions under which particular 
forms of vegetation are confined to certain zones of temperature ; as the 
palms to the tropics, the true pines to extra-tropical regions. 

This is one of the most curious and difficult subjects with which we can 
occupy ourselves. It embraces a consideration of the constitution of the 
atmosphere, and geological structure of all parts of the globe ; and of the 
specific effects of particular conditions of climate and soil upon vegeta- 
tion : all points of extreme importance, concerning which existing data are 
rarely sufficient to enable us to arrive at satisfactory conclusions. It in- 
volves the discussion of the plan upon which the world was originally 
clothed with verdure ; and, as Humboldt most truly observes, it is closely 
connected with "the physical condition of the world in general. Upon the 
predominance of certain families of plants in particular districts depend the 
character of the country, and the whole face of nature. Abundance of 
grasses, forming vast savannahs, or of palms, or coniferas, have produced 
most important effects upon the social state of the people, the nature of 
their manners, and the degree of development of the arts of industry."* 

If we examine the surface of the globe, we shall find its vegetation vary- 
ing according to its inequalities and its differences of soil ; we shall see 
that the plants of the valleys are not those of the mountain, nor those of 
the marsh like the vegetables of the river or of dry grounds ; it will also 
be seen that the vegetation of all valleys, all mountains, marshes, or rivers, 
has a similar character in the same latitudes. The flora of the granitic 
mountains of Spain and Portugal is very different from that of the calcare- 
ous mountains of the same kingdoms; in Switzerland, Teucrium monta- 
num always indicates a calcareous soil ; and the same may be said of cer- 
tain orchises, ustulata, and hircma, for instance, in our own country. Hence 
it is inferred, that the differences in the character of vegetation depend up- 
on circumstances connected with the soil or atmosphere in which they 
^row. A. great deal of ingenious discussion upon this matter will be found 
in De Candolle's article on botanical geography, published in the 18th 
volume of the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles. 

But as I do not observe much that can be called positive deductions from 
such facts as have been ascertained, I shall, without entering into specula- 
tions as to the causes why one description of plants grows in one situation, 
and others in another, confine myself to an exposition of the mere facts 
which appear to have been hitherto distinctly ascertained. 

* So the character of the vegetation in tropical Florida will ultimately creale a very dense 
population of small cultivators, and of family manufacturers of numerous diversified products, 
which will thus prevent excessive over-production, or ruinous rivalry, in any single branch of 
culture or of manufactures. H. P. 



G7 [300] 

It has been found convenient to divide ihe surface of (he earth into dif- 
ferent stations, when treating of botanical geography. In this part of the 
subject I shall adopt the arrangement and distinctions of De Candolfe ; 
agreeing with him that they at least indicate the most remarkable differ- 
ences of station, if they are not susceptible of any rigorous definitions. 

He admits the following classes : 

1. *Matitime, or saline plants; that is to say. those w lich, without be- 
ing plunged in salt water, and floating on its surface, are nevertheless con- 
strained to live in the vicinity of salt water, for the sake of absorbing what 
may be required for their nourishment. Among these it is requisite to dis- 
tinguish those which, like the sal icoraia, grow in salt marshes, where they 
absorb saline principles, both by their leaves and roots, from those which, 
like roccella fuciformis, exist upon rocks exposed to the sea air, and appear 
to absorb by their leaves alone; and finally, a third class, such as 
eryngiuin campestre, which do not require salt water, but which live on 
the sea-coast, as well as elsewhere, because their constitution is so robust 
that they are not affected by the action of salt. 

2. Mar hie plants, also bailed Thalassiophytes by M. Lnmouroux. which 
live either plunged in salt water or floating on its surface. These plants 
are distributed over the bottom of the sea, or of salt water, in proportion to 
the degree of saltness of the water, the usual degree of its agitation, the con- 
tinuity or iutermittence of their immersion, the tenacity of the soil, and 
perhaps, also, the intensity ot the light. 

3. Aquatic plants, living plunged in fresh water, either entirely iinmerged, 
as confervas ; or floating on its surface, asstratiotes ; or fixed in the soil by 
their roots, with the foliage in the water, as several kinds of potamogeton ; 
or rooted in the soil, and either floating on the surface, as nymphtca; or 
rising above it. as Aiisma plautago. This last division is very near the fol- 
lowing class. 

.v: 4. t Plants of fresh water marshes, and of very wet places, among which 
it is chiefly necessary to distinguish those of bogs, of marshy meadows, and 
of the banks of running streams; and, finally, those of places inundated 
in winter, but more or less dried up during the summer. 

5. Plants of meadows and pastures, in the study of whir 1 it is requisite 
to distingush those that, by their natural or artificial association, form the 
turf of the meadow, and those others which grow mixed together with the 
greatest facility. 

6. Plants of cultivated soil. This class has been entirely produced by 
th'e agency of man. The plants which grow in cultivated land are those 
which, in a wild state, preferred light substantial soils. Many have been 
tiansported from one country to another with the seeds of other cultivated 
plants. Those individuals of the same species which are found in fields, 
vineyards, and gardens, are often different in some respects, according to 
the peculiar manner in which they have been cultivated. 

' * On the low coral islands of ihe Pacific, the cocoannt palm flemishes. As mosi < if these 
coraf-rock islets have neither streams nor springs of fresh water, the inhabitants would parish. 
of thirst were it not for the water of the cocoamit. This wonderful tree is now thriving on 
even Indian Key, a coral-rock of only twelve acres, or, the Florida Reef. H. P. 

t Embracing many valuable species of the lamiliesof palms and of bananas. The best Sago 
palm inhabits only low, marshy spots ; and a good Sago plantation or forest, is a bog knet-deep. 
The fibrous-leaved Ticupalmof Brazil prefers marshy grounds ; and the Muniche palm ol the 
Oronoco flourishes on islands," inundated by the freshets et' the river, one half the year, and 
by the tides of the sea , twice a day, during the other six month?;. The Gommy palm which 
famishes "black cordage," is a native of the swampy forests of Sumatra. Ii. P. 



[ 300 ] 68 

7. *The plants of rocks ; these pass by insensible gradations Jo these of 
walls, rocky and stony p'aces, and even of gravel ; and the latter soil, as its 
fragments diminish in size, conduct ns by degrees to the following class. 
Rock plants offer some remarkable singularities, depending upon the na- 
ture of the rock. 

8. The plants of sands, or of very barren soils : in the classification of 
which much difficulty is experienced : thus, plants of the sand of the sea 
shore are confounded with saline plants; those, of barren soil, with the 
species of cultivated land ; and those of coarse sand are not different from 
those of gravel. 

9. Plants of sterile places, that are very compact, as stiff clayey soil, or 
such as have their surface hardened by drought or heat, or those which 
are trodden hard by man or animals. This is an heterogeneous class, and 
contains plants of very uncertain characters. 

10. Plants which follow man. These are few in number, and more 
fixed in their station, either in consequence of nitrous salts being necessarv 
to their existence ; or because, perhaps, azotized matter is required for their 
nutriment. 

1 1. Forest plants, among which are to be distinguished, lstly, the trees 
that form the forest; and, 2dly. the herbs which grow beneath their shade. 
The latter are to be separated into two kinds; those, 1st, which can support 
a considerable degree of shade during all the year, which are found in ever- 
green woods ;t or such, 2d, as require light in the winter, like those which 
are found among deciduous trees. 

12. Bushes and hedge plants. The shrubs which compose this division 
differ from the plants of the forest in their smaller size, and by the thin- 
ness of their leaves ; the herbaceous kinds that grow among them are ordi- 
narily climbing plants. 

13. Subterranean plants, which live either in dark caverns, as the bys- 
slis, or within the bosom of the earth, as the truffle. These can dispense 
altogether with light, and several cannot even endure it. Plants that grow 
in the hollows of old trees have great analogy with those of caverns. 

14. Mountain plants, as subdivisions of which all the other stations may 
be taken. We generally class among mountain plants such as, in Europe, 
are not found lower than 500 yards; but this is quite an arbitrary limit. 
The most important division is between those which grow on mountains, 
the summit of which is covered with eternal snow, and those of moun- 
tains which lose their crest of snow in the summer. In the former, the 
supply of water is not only continual, but more abundant and colder as the 
heats 'of summer advance; in the latter, on the contrary, the supply of 
water ceases when it becomes most requisite. The former are evidently 
much more robust than the latter. 

15. Parasitical plants ; that is to say, such as are either destitute of 
the power of pumping up their nourishment from the soil, or of elaborating 

* The pitahaya, or strawberry pear of Yucatan, a most delicious fruit, better named straw- 
ierry pineapple, is produced by a creeping triangular species of cactus or prickly pear, which 
climbs to the tops of stone walls, and appears to be nourished by the air alone. The Sisal hemp 
agaves, of Yucatan, flourish both on the very stony surfaces of the interior, and the very 
sandy shores of the coast. The medicinal aloes will thrive in the most dry and barren soils. 

•t These ever-shaded plants of ever-green woods, embrace a very great number of very valu- 
able vegetables of the tropics; e.g. the celebiated chocolate shrub; lhc flax pineapple leaves; 
the climbing fragrant var ilia pods; ond many important plants for food, clothing, medicine, 
and the'afls. R. P 






(>9 [ 300 ] 

it completely ; or as cannot exist without absorbing the juices of other 
vegetables. 'These are found in all the preceding- stations. They may be 
divided into, first, those which grow on the surface of others, as the Ous- 
ciita and the Misletoe : and, secondly, intestinal parasites, which are de- 
veloped in the interior of living 1 plains, and pierce the epidermis, to make 
their appearance outwardly, such as the Uredo and iEcidium. 

16. Epiphytes, or false parasites, which grow upon either dead or 
living vegetable^, without deriving any nourishment from them. This 
class, which has often been confounded with the preceding, has two dis- 
tinctly characterised divisions. The first, which approaches true parasites, 
comprehends cryptogamous plants, the germs of which, probably carried to 
their stations by the very act of vegetation, develop themselves at the pe- 
riod when the plant, or that part where they lie, begins to die. then feed 
upon the substance of the plant during its mortal throes, and fatten upon 
it after its decease; such are Nemasporas and many Sphserias: these are 
.spurious itestinal parasites. The second comprehends those vegetables, 
whether cryptogamic, such as lichens and Musci, or phanerogamous, as 
Epidendrums, which live upon living plants, without deriving any nutri- 
ment from them, but absorbing moisture from the surrounding atmosphere j 
these are superficial false parasites. Many of them will grow upon rocks, 
dead trees, or earth. 

Thus we see that De Candolle has found it necessary to divide vegeta- 
tion into sixteen stations. I do not attach much importance to several of 
them, because they are vague and uncertain of application, and frequently 
common to many plants ; but it is, nevettheless, useful to bear in mind, 
that such distinctions do exist, and to point them out whenever they take 
any very decided peculiarity of character. This is, indeed, indispensable, 
in order to enable us hereafter to form any definite appreciation of the na- 
ture of the influence of the combined agency of soil, temperature, and at- 
mosphere. 

The next, and by fur the most important head under which the geogra- 
phical distribution of plants is to be considered, is with reference to tem- 
perature and light. These depend, firstly, upon latitude ; and, secondly, 
upon elevation above the sea. 

As we proceed from the pole towards the equator, we find the tempera- 
ture gradually increasing ; and as we ascend from the surface of the ocean 
up into the atmosphere, we find the temperature gradually decreasing, un- 
til we reach a point at which perpetual frost holds his throne, and where 
vegetation ceases. 

In like manner we find, as we recede from the equator to the pole, we 
quit the country of palms and other arborescent monocotyledonous plants, 
for the habitations of deciduous dicotyledonous trees. Coniferse, and cryp- 
togamic plants ; and that, as we rise into the atmosphere, as considerable a 
change takes place. Thus, in Tenerifle, the foot of the mountain is occu- 
pied by Crithmum latifolium, succulent Euphorbias, Plocama Pendula, 
and Prenanthes spinosa: to these succeed vines, corn, Canarina campanula, 
and Messerschmidia fruticosa : a third class, consisting of laurels, Ilex, 
Ardisias, heaths, and Viburnum?, occupy the succeeding tract. These are 
surmounted by pines, Cytisus, and Spartium microphyllum ; and, finally, 
i.he scenery is closed by Spartium nubigenum, Juniperus oxycedrus, Scro- 
phularia, Viola, and Festuca. (See Humboldt's Travels.) 

Therefore, in considering the matter of the vegetation of a given climate, 



[ 300 ] 70 

it is necessary to take into account the temperature peculiar to the latitude 
itself, and the reduction caused by elevation. 

The decrement of caloric, as we ascend into the air. will be understood 
by the following table, calculated by Daniell, from observations made by 
Mr. Green, the aeronaut, in an aerial voyage performed in 1821. These 
are particularly instructive ; because they were all made within the space 
of half an hour, under circumstances which varied as little as possible. 

The temperature at the surface of the earth was ... 74° 

at an elevation of 2,952 feet, was - - 70 c 

7,288 - - - - 72° 

9,993 - - - - 69° 

11,059 - 45° 

11,293 - - - - 38° 

The difference between the temperature of the highest elevation and the 
eartlfs surface amounting to 36° in the space of twenty-seven minutes. 

The amount of the decrement of heat, as compared with that of latitude, 
lias been calculated to be, in France, equal to one degree of retrogressive 
latitude for every 540 feet of vertical elevation ; that is to say, the temper- 
ature of a district of 3,240 feet of elevation, in 45° north latitude, would be 
equal to the temperature of 51° north latitude on a level with the sea. But, 
from Humboldt's computations, it appears that, nearer the equator, this propor- 
tion varies. He found, from careful and repeated observations, between and 
3,000 feet of elevation, that, in the middle of the temperate zone, the mean tem- 
perature of the year decreased in a degree equivalent to 2° of north latitude 
for every GOO feet of elevation ; the mean summer heat, 1° 30' ; the mean 
autumnal heat, 1° 24' ; or, on an average, the decrement of temperature 
was about 1° of latitude for every 396 feet of elevation. Temperature de- 
creasing in this rapid ratio, it is evident that, if vegetation is affected by 
temperature, it will offer great differences in the ascent of a mountain. 
And, accordingly, it is found, as will be seen by the following tables, that 
the nature of the vegetation, towards the upper limits at which plants grow, 
gradually changes from that of the base of the mountain, until plants en- 
tirely disappear at the limits of perpetual snow. 

Note. — The people of the United States annually bestow several hundred thousand dollars 
for the support of missionaries and their families in foreign countries, who could render an 
equivalent to their fatherland hy the transmission of useful plants. Owing to the niggardly 
mode of managing our consulates, the consuls, in general, are obliged to depend on mercantile 
pursuits for a subsistence; and, hence, neither their interests nor their habits will enable them 
io aid in the introduction of valuable vegetables. H. P. 

Note. — In the green-houses and hot-houses of the Northern United States, and of Northern 
Europe, there arc hundreds of very valuable vegetables of the tropics, which serve as merely 
objects of costly cariosity to their owners; but which', tiansferred to tropical Florida, will be- 
come important articles ofpractieal utility to our confederation, and to all the civilized world. 

H. P. 

Nots. — All the coffee of America proceeds from a single plant brought from the garden of 
plants in Paris; and the subscriber is now expecting, weeicly, from the same garden, the firs; 
suckers of the Musa Abaca or Manilla hemp banana. H. P. 



71 



[ 30 ° ] 



CHIMBORAZO, (ANDES.) 
Lat. 2° 30' S.— Height, 21,450 feet. 



Elevation 


Mean 


temperature. 




Vegetation. 




in feet. 















Of the year 




80° 


Palms. 




3,250 


Of the year 


. 


71° 


Palms cease to grow. 




5,200 


Of the year 


. 


66° 


Tree ferns cease. 




9,750 


Of the year 


- 


60° 


Cinchonas cease. 




11,375 


Of the year 


. 


46° 


Alstonias and Befarias cease. 




13,325 


. 


. 




Grasses cease. 




14,300 


. 


. 




Culcitium rufescens ceases. 




15,600 


Of the year 


- 


29° 


Limits of perpetual snow. 





POPOCAYAN, (MEXICO.) 
Lat. 19° 20' N.— Height, 17,550 feet. 



Elevation 
in feet. 



10,400 
11,375 
13,000 
15,275 



Mean temperature. 



Of the year 
Of the year 



53° 
44° 



Vegetation. 



Oaks cease to grow. 
Alnus Mexicana ceases. 
Pinus occidental is ceases. 
Limits of perpetual snow. 



ETNA, (SICILY.) 
Lat. 38° 6' N.— Height, 11,360 feet. 



Elevation 
in feet. 



to 100 | 

1,100 
2,175 
4,350 

6,500 

8,125 

9,750 

10,000 



Mean temperature. 



Of the year 

Of July and August 



64° I 
76° S 



Vegetation . 



Palma?, Musacese, Saceharum. 

Oranges, olive, and rice, cease to grow. 

Vine, wheat, and maize, cease. 

Oaks and chestnuts cease. 

Rye and pinus sylvestris cease. 

Fagus sylvestris and Betula become shrubs. 

Juniperus and Berberis cease. 

Phamogamus plants disappear. 

Lichens cease. 



[ 300 ] 



72 



MONT BLANC, (ALPS.) 
Lat. 44° N.— Height, I5,G00 feet. 



Elevation 
in feet. 





1,950 
2,925 
3,900 
4,680 
5,850 
(5,695 
7,800 
8,190 
8,780 



Mean temperature. 



Of August 
Of the year 



> Of the year 



C9° 
53° 



- 32° 



Vegetation. 



The vine ceases. 
Castanea vesca ceases. 
Oaks cease. 
Betula alba ceases. 
Pinus abies ceases. 

Rhododendrons cease. 

Salix herbacea ceases. 
Limits of perpetual snow. 



MONT PERDU, (PYRENEES.) 
Lat. 44° N.— Height, 11,375 feet. 



Elevation 
in feeL 



3,250 
5,280 
6,175 
7,800 

8,780 



Mean temperature. 



Of the year 



Of August 
Of the year 



- 42° 



42° 
25° 



Vegetation. 



Oaks cease to grow. 

Pinus picea ceases. 

Pinus rubra and uncinata cease. 

> Limits of perpetual snow. 



SULITELMA, (LAPLAND.) 
Lat. 68° N.-Height, 6,175 feet. 



Elevation 
in feet. 



957 
1,950 j 
2,925 
3,640$ 




Of the year 
Of August 
Of the year 
Of the year 
Of August 

Of the year 
Of August 



31° 

60° 
31° 

27° 
54° 

21° 

49° 



Vegetation. 



Pinus sylvestris ceases. 

> Betula alba ceases. 

Salix herbacea and lanceoiata cease. 

> Limits of perpetual snow 



The effect of elevation is not, in Europe, the same with all plants; there 
are many that grow indifferently upon the plains and upon mountains as 
high as perpetual snow. De Candolle speaks of 700 instances, with which 
he is acquainted, of the prevalence of this law. But, on the other hand, 



73 



[ 300 ] 



there are many plants, the limits of which are strictly circumscribed by 
elevation or equivalent temperature ; as, for example, the chestnut does not 
rise higher in the Swiss Alps, in the parallel of 45°, than 2,400 feet: on 
Etna, in latitude 38°, it reaches no higher than 4,000 feet. Many of the 
plants found on plains in the north of Europe occupy the mountains of the 
south. The olive, in 44° of latitude, its most northern range, will not grow 
at a greater elevation than 1,200 feet. In general, it is found that, as we 
approach the equator, vegetation becomes more and more affected by ele- 
vation ; and that, as we recede from it, the effects of elevation gradually 



cease. 



The cause of the influence of elevatiou upon plants is ascribed, in the 
first place, to reduced temperature ; secondly, to a greater intensity of solar 
light ; and, thirdly, to a decrease in humidity. The rate at which tempe- 
rature decreases as we ascend from the surface of the earth, varies accord- 
ing to latitude : Humboldt has shown that, in the temperate and torrid 
zones, the decrement of heat is essentially different. In the equatorial zone, 
the temperature of the region lying at the height of between 3,000 and 6,000 
feet, on which the clouds repose that are visible to the natives of the plains, 
decreases much more slowly than either above or below that elevation ; 
but, in the temperate zone, the decrease is more gradual. In proof of this, 
the following table has been formed by Humboldt: 



Elevation above 


Equatorial zone. 
Lat. 0°— 21°. 


Temperate zone. 
Lat. 45°— 47°. 


the sea iD feet. 


• 

Mean temperature of 
the year. 


Difference. 


Mean 


temperature of 
the year. 


Difference. 





80° 


12° 

4° 

9° 

11° 

10° 


53° 


12° 


3,000 


68° 


41° 


9° 


6,000 


64° 


32° 


9° 


9,000 


55° 


23° 




12,000 


44° 






15,000 


34° 







The diminution of the density of the air, as we ascend, produces a cor- 
responding increase in the intensity of the light ; a circumstance in which 
high elevation has been said to correspond with high latitudes; but this is 
doubtful. 

It is said that the humidity of the atmosphere decreases as we ascend, 
and that to this may be ascribed much of the effect produced upon vegeta- 
tion by great heights. That the humidity of the atmosphere does much 
affect vegetation is not to be doubted ; and, if it were certain that the air 
became gradually drier as we ascend, a second cause, as powerful as that 
of temperature, would be found for the effects of elevation upon vegetation. 
But it is certain that the humidity of the air does not change gradually, as 
we ascend, w 7 ith the character of vegetation ; on the contrary, it has been 



[ 300 ] 74 

found that atmospheric humidity is either uniform or increased to heights 
far beyond uniformity of vegetation, and then suddenly diminishes to a 
large amount, vegetation not suddenly altering with it ; so that it would 
seem as if the atmosphere were composed of deep beds of air, suddenly 
differing from each other in the elasticity of their aqueous vapor. 

From observations made by Captain Sabine, with a Daniell's hygrometer, 
at Ascension, it appears that on that island, at 17 feet above the sea, the 
amount of dryness was 5° ; and, at 2,237 feet higher, was 3 C 5' ; so that, 
in this case, the air became more humid as he ascended. At Trinidad, 
the amount of dryness on a level with the sea was 5° ; at 1,060 feet higher, 
the air was saturated with moisture ; in this instance, also, humidity in- 
creased with elevation. At Jamaica it was found that, on a level with the 
sea, the degree of dryness was 7° ; at 4,080 feet higher, the air was satu- 
rated with moisture ; but at 4,580 feet the dryness was 16°. Hence it is to 
be inferred that, in these observations, the lower bed of the atmosphere was 
not passed through, either at Ascension or in Trinidad; but that, in Jamaica, 
it had been left below at the time the third observation was taken ; and 
that, in that island, the lower stratum of air is something more than 
4,000 feet deep. In Mr. Green's voyage, the degree of dryness of the air. 
at an elevation of 9,893 feet, was 5°, nearly the same as it was observed to 
be on the surface of the earth below at the same time; but at 11,059 feet it 
was 13°; and at 11,293 feet, the highest point at which an observation 
was made, it was still 13° ; so that it would seem that the humidity of the 
atmosphere, at that time, did not vary through a bed of air rising, perhaps, 
2,000 feet beyond the highest limits of vegetation in Europe. 

It must be confessed that these observations are by no means sufficiently 
numerous to become the foundation of anything connected with the effect 
of elevation upon the characters of plants ; but they, at least, answer the 
purpose of showing that, in the present state of our information, the effects 
of humidity are not appreciable in investigating the subject. 

Whether the increased rarity of the air, as we ascend, has any effect upon 
vegetation, is not determined. It is not easy to say in what way it can act, 
according to any yet known physiological laws, unless, as De Candolle 
remarks, in supplying an insufficient quantity of oxygen for absorption. 
But, as we find plants of the plains grow indifferently on the highest moun- 
tains, it does not seem that there is any such diminution of oxygen as 
interferes with the operations of vegetation. The diminution of atmos- 
pheric pressure, which, of course, takes place at high elevations, may 
facilitate evaporation ; but we have yet to learn in what precise way that 
phenomenon influences vegetation. 

From what has now been said, all that is apparent is that, as we ascend 
in the atmosphere, temperature diminishes, and light increases, in a propor- 
tion corresponding, to a certain degree, with the climate of higher latitudes; 
but even to this there are exceptions, depending upon particular circum- 
stances, and especially upon the amount of summer heat, of which more 
will be said presently. Thus, at Enontekissi, in Lapland, in 68° 30' north 
latitude, at an elevation of 1,356 feet above the sea, a climate which, from 
it situation, should be scarcely clothed with herbage, Von Buch found corn, 
orchards, and a rich vegetation. 

Having now seen what great differences are produced in the characters 
of vegetation by elevation above the sea, let us next take a view of the influ- 
ence caused by latitude. In the countries lying near the equator, the vege- 



75 [ 300 ] 

tation consists of dense forests of leafy evergreen trees, palms, and arborescent 
ferns, among which are intermingled epiphytal herbs and rigid grasses : 
there are no rich verdant meadows, such as form the chief beauty of our 
northern climate; and the lower orders of vegetation, such as mosses, fungi, 
and conferva), are very rare : myrtacese, melastomacese, musaceae, piperacea?, 
scitamineae, and frutescent composite, abound. As we recede from the 
equator, these gradually give way to trees with deciduous leaves, to conifera, 
rosacea?, and amentacese ; rich meadows appear, abounding with tender 
herbs ; the epiphytal orehidese disappear, and are replaced by terrestrial 
fleshy-rooted species ; mosses clothe the trunks of aged trees; decayed vege- 
tables are covered with parasitical fungi ; and the waters abound with con- 
fervas. Approaching the poles, trees wholly disappear; dicotyledonous 
plants of all kinds become comparatively rare ; and grasses and crypto- 
gamic plants constitute the chief features of vegetation. To what cause, 
except that of temperature, and perhaps light, these effects are to be ascribed, 
is unknown. They are found to exist equally towards either pole ; and 
it is evident, from the uniform manner in which the influence of the con- 
trolling cause, whatever it may be, is exercised, that the laws under which 
the geographical distribution of plants is determined, are as certain and 
immutable as any of those with the nature of which we are acquainted. It 
is probable that temperature is the principal cause, from the well known fact 
that the vegetable productions of hot climates can be successfully cultivated 
in cold ones by the aid of heat ; and that the plants of cold climates may- 
be cultivated in hotter climates by an artificial reduction of temperature. 
But that other causes also operate is apparent from the impossibility of cul- 
tivating- the plants of any high latitudes in those considerably to the south. 
Thus, when living plants were brought to England from Melville island, 
no means, whatever, could be discovered of keeping them alive, although 
the temperature at which they were maintained did not materially vary from 
that to which they must have been often exposed in the summer season, in 
their own climate. Assuming, however, for the present, that temperature 
is the most efficient cause of variety in the distribution of plants, the first 
point to consider is. how far temperature and latitude are uniformly the 
same in either hemisphere. This has been discussed, with his habitual 
skill, by Humboldt, of whose observations I must avail myself in nearly 
all that I can say upon the subject. According to this observer, the geo- 
graphical parallels of latitude do not indicate corresponding temperature, 
either in the old and new world, or in the northern and southern hemi- 
spheres. In the new world, the temperature decreases more rapidly as we 
recede from the equator than in the old world ; and in the southern hemi- 
sphere, beyond the parallel of 34°, the summers are colder than in corre- 
sponding latitudes of the northern hemisphere, but the winters milder. On 
this account, Humboldt concludes that "the lines of equal mean annual 
heat, which may be called isothermal, are not parallel with the equator, but 
intersect the geographical parallels at a variable angle." 

The following table shows the difference in the mean annual heat of the 
same latitudes in the old and new worlds: 



[ 300 J 



76 





Mean heat of the vear in the 




Latitude. 




Difference. 




Old World. 


New World. 


0° 


80° 


80° 


0° 


20 


77 


77 





30 


70 


67 


3 


40 


63 


54 


9 


50 


50 


38 


12 


60 


.40 


24 


16 



Hence it appears that the old world is much warmer than the new, and 
that the temperature of America does not decrease, from Florida to the 
Gulf of St. Lawrence, in the same ratio as in Europe, from Egypt to 
Scandinavia. But although, in the temperate parts of North America, the 
mean annual heat of a given place is the same as that of Europe some 
degrees more to the northward, yet the temperature of particular seasons 
does not accord in the same degree ; but the colder the winters the hotter 
the summers are found. Thus : 

The summer of Philadelphia, lat. 39° 56' K. is the same as 

that of Rome - - - - - lat. 41° 53' N. 

The winter of Philadelphia, lat. 39° 56' N. is the same as 

that of Vienna -.-..- lat. 48° 13' N. 
The summer of Quebec, lat. 46° 47' N. is hotter that that 

of Paris ...... ] a t. 48° 50' N. 

The winter of Quebec, lat. 46° 47' N. is colder than that 

of St. Petersburg^ ' - - lat. 59° 56' N. 

— 4 

In general, the summers of the temperate parts of North America, as far 
as 40° north latitude, are about 4° warmer than in Europe under the same 
isothermal parallel ; whence it can be understood why magnolias and other 
equinoctial-looking trees extend so far to the north, since, in the parallel of 
36°, the summer heat to which these trees are exposed scarcely differs from 
the mean annual heat of the equator. It is, therefore, extremely important 
in the study of botanical geography, to take into account, not only the 
mean temperature of the year, but also the mean summer heat.* 

* I do not attach much faith to the inferences drawn from the mean heat of any season or 
year. The extremes of heat and cold, and the suddenness of the vicissitudes, afford much 
better data. The plants which are destroyed by our sudden vicissitudes of temperature in the 
United States, are not directly killed by cold, but are kdled by the speedy subsequent heat. 
Hence, they are not destroyed in the coldest days or nights of winter, but are d stroyed after 
the frosts of spring and.of autumn. The sudden application of heat to frozen plants, as well 
as to frozen animals, induces gangrene. Hence, also, shade is a preventive of damage; and 
henre, also, the great success of John Michel, Esq., in his small but crowded garden in 
Charleston, South Carolina, where, under the principle of the mutual protection of plants, he 
exhibits the fruits of our northern States flourishing in company with fruits of the torrid 
zone. Hence, also, in Baltimore, the tender plants in the yards on the south sides of houses 
have been destroyed, while those in the shade of the north side have escaped damage through, 
out the winter. Hence, also, the acclimation of tropical plants in the southern States should 
be commenced in the evergreen forests of pines and magnolias, which afford protection, not 
only by mechanically breaking the force of the bleak northern blasts, but also prevent radia- 
tion from reducing the temperature of the tenderer undergrowth ; and, furthermore, by their 
ceaseless vegetation, keep up a notable degree of warmth in the surrounding atmosphere. 

H. P. 



77 [ 300 ] 

According to Barton, the climate to the west of the Alleghany mountains 
is much warmer than that on the east, or Atlantic side, where the same 
plants exist 3° or 4° higher up on the west than on the east side of the 
range. It is probable, however, that this difference does not extend higher 
up than Lake Erie, in 42° north latitude ; for, both beyond Lake Superior 
and Hudson's Bay, the earth is said to be constantly frozen at three feet from 
the surface ; a phenomenon which also occurs in Siberia, about the river 
Lena, in about 62° north latitude, near the town of Jakutsk ; while, in Lap- 
land, in 70° near Vadsoe, the temperature of the earth is found to be as much 
as 3° or 4° above the freezing point ; whence it appears that the climate ot 
the north of Europe is warmer than that of the same latitudes in Asia and 
America. We therefore shall not be far away, if we conclude that the 
isothermal lines bend towards the tropics in Europe, and towards the poles 
in Tartary and America. 

As we approach the equator there appears to be little difference in the 
mean temperature of the year, either in the new or old world. 

Of the old world. 

The mean temperature of Senegal is 79.7° in lat. 24° 30' N. 
of Madras is 80.4° in lat. 13° 5' N. 
of Batavia is 77.4° in lat. 0° 10' S. 
of Manilla is 78.0° in lat. 15° N. 

Of the iieio world 

The mean temperature of Cumana is 81.6° in lat. 10° 27' N. 
of the Antilles is 81.6° in lat. 15° N. 
of Vera Cruz is 78.0° in lat. 19° 12' N. 
of Havana is 78.0° in lat. 23° 12' N. 

It is probable, however, that the summers of Asia are more fervid that? 
those of America ; for, according to Roxburgh, the mean temperature of 
Madras, in latitude 13° 5' north, in the month of July, is 89.4° ; while 
that of Cumana, in latitude 10° 27', does not exceed 84.4°. 

To the south of the equator, the temperature of the east seems to be 
higher than that of corresponding latitudes in the west ; thus, the mean tem- 
perature of the Mauritius, in 20° 9' south latitude, has been ascertained to be 
80.4° ; while that of Rio Janeiro, in latitude 20° 59' south, is as low as 74.3° ■ 
and at the Havana, in nearly the same parallel in the northern hemisphere 
it ranges between 77° and 77.9°. The whole of the western coast of South 
America, as far as the sands of Peru, in latitude 10° and 14° south, are affect- 
ed so much by the continual prevalence of clouds and the low temperature 
(59.9°) of the currents setting round Cape Horn, that the mean temperature 
of the year in those parts does not exceed 68° or 69°. Hence, the plants 
of Lower Peru* live in a temperature not exceeding, by day, 68° or 72° and 
by night 59° or 62°. Near' the coast Humboldt observed the thermometer 



Fk 

mean 

October to 31st oi' March, is *72.G1° ; and for the six warm months, from 1st of April to 30iii 

of September, it is 80.7G°. jj p 



[ 300 ] TS 

as low as even 55 4° in 12° 2' south latitude, With this exception, there 
is little difference in the temperature of the southern hemisphere as low ns 
34° south latitude, either in New Holland. Africa, or America. The mean 
temperature of Port Jackson, in 33° 51' south latitude, has been ascertained 
to be 66.6° ; of the Cape of Good Hope, in 33° 55' south latitude, to be 
66.8° ; and of Buenos Ayres. in 34° 36' south latitude, to be 67.6°. In the 
northern hemisphere the mean temperature, in latitude 34°, is 67.8°. It is 
extremely probable that, as far as the parallel of 57° south latitude, the 
differences in the temperature of the two hemispheres are greater in the 
summer than the winter. The cold of the Falkland islands, in latitude 
51^° south, is less than that of London in the same latitude to the north. 
The arborescent ferns and epiphytal Orchideae are often injured by the cold 
in Van Dieman's island, latitude 42° south ; and in the southern part of 
New Zealand, latitude 46° south, Cook observed, in latitude 43°-44° south, 
in July in the middle of winter, that the thermometer at noon was usually 
between 46° and 51°.* At Rome, latitude 41° 53' north, the thermome- 
ter at noon in January rarely reaches 51°-53° ; in Paris the mean noon- 
day temperature of January is, according to Arago, 38.7°. For this reason 
it is supposed that the climate of the southern hemisphere does not differ 
from that of the north so much in the greater coldness of the winters 
as of the summers. According to Humboldt, the greatest heat in the 
parallels of 48° and 58° of south latitude - does not exceed 43.7°-46.8° ; 
while at St. Petersburgh and Umea, in 59° 66' and 63° 50' north lati- 
tude, it is 65.2° and 62.6°. In the Straits of Magellan, between 53° and 
54° south latitude, snow falls almost daily in the middle of summer ; and, in 
the same place, in the middle of December, the sun not setting for 
eighteen hours together, Krusenstern observed that the thermometer never 
rose hio-her than 52° ; while, on the contrary, Von Buch remarked it as high 
as 79.4° in Lapland under the parallel of 70°. In 60° south latitude, which 
nearly answers to the position of St. Petersburgh in the northern hem- 
isphere, Cook and Forster found the temperature at midsummer not 
hio-her than 36° ; and icicles were continually forming on their ship. 
Even in the extreme points of Lapland, in 70° north latitude, the pines attain 
the height of sixty feet ; while at the Straits of Magellan and in Station 
island near New Year's harbor, in latitude 55° south, nothing like a tree 
is found, except scrubby birches and Wintereas. 

Viewino- the distribution of plants with respect to longitude, we find 
that while the great forms of vegetation are wholly controlled by cir- 
cumstances attendant upon the parallels of latitude, there are wide dif- 
ferences of a secondary nature, which conespond in some with the par- 
allels of longitude : and that particular genera and species do not extend 
beyond the limits of particular districts, to which they give peculiar 
features. Thus, in North America, on the east of the Rocky Mountains, 
azaleas, rhododendrons, magnolias, vacciniums, actaeas. and oaks, form 
the principal features of the landscape ; while, on the western side of 
the dividino- ridge, these genera almost entirely disappear, and no longer 
constitute a striking characteristic of the vegetation. The genera of Pro- 
teacese and the Ericeas, at the Cape of Good Hope, are replaced in New 
Holland by different genera of Proteaceae, and by Epacrideae ; while 
neither the one nor the other exist on the continent of South America, 
with the exception of some Rhopalas. The natural order of Bromeliaceae 

* Another confirmation of my opinion that the Phormium tenax, or fiax lily of New Zeal- 
and, will best succeed in tropical Florida 



70 f 800 ] 

is exclusively confined to America : Oalathea, a genus of Marantacete, is 
only found on the same continent : cinnamon, cloves, and nutmegs are 
confined to the Indian Archipelago ; and hundreds of other instances are 
to he named of similar exclusive stations. Whether these differences 
depend upon geological causes, or arise from some other circumstances, is 
entirely unknown. 

Such are the most striking facts connected with the distribution of tem- 
perature with respect to vegetation. It will have been seen that little is 
known of the proportion of humidity in the atmosphere of different cli- 
mates, and that the amount of light in various latitudes has scarcely been 
noticed. That the effect of both these agents upon vegetation is most 
important, cannot he doubted ; especially of the latter, upon which the 
most material vital functions of vegetation mainly depend : but, unfortu- 
nately, there are no data from which the precise amount or action of light 
in different latitudes can be appreciated. 

I shall now proceed to state what is known or conjectured of the distri- 
bution of the different orders or divisions of vegetables over the surface of 
the globe. In doing this, I shall merely translate a portion of the very 
valuable essay of Humboldt upon the subject, as published in the Diction- 
naire des Sciences Naturelles, vol. xviii. p. 422. in which is comprehended 
the sum of all that is known of the laws that are observed in the distri- 
bution of the various forms of vegetation. " The numerical relations of 
the forms of vegetation are capable of being investigated in two very differ- 
ent modes. Supposing that the natural families of plants are studied with- 
out reference to their geographical distribution, the question will arise as 
to which type of organization it is after which the greatest number of species 
have been created. Are there most GlumaceEe, (Cyperacese, Gramineae, and 
Junceae, are so called by Humboldt,) or Compositse in the world? Do 
these two tribes together constitute a fourth part of phasnogamous vegeta- 
tion ? What proportion is borne by Monocotyledones to Dicotyledones ? 
Questions of this kind refer rather to the science of vegetable organization 
and of mutual affinities. But if, instead of studying natural groups of 
species in this abstract manner, we view them with reference to the rela- 
tions they bear to climate or to the distribution over the surface of the 
globe, other questions of a much more varied nature will arise. Which 
families, for instance, are more predominant in the torrid zone than in the 
polar circle? Are Compositse more numerous in the same parallel of 
latitude or in the same isothermal line in the old world or the new? Do 
those forms which are found to diminish in retreating from the equator to 
the pole follow a similar law of decrement in rising from the plains into 
the mountains of the equator? Do the proportions borne by one family to 
another vary on the same isothermal line ; and are such proportions the 
same on either side of the equator? These are, properly speaking, ques- 
tions of geographical botany : they are connected with the most important 
problems of meteorology, and of the physics of the globe in general. 

" In studying the geographical distribution of particular forms, we can 
pause either at a consideration of particular species, genera, or natural 
families. It often happens that a particular species, especially of those 
kinds which I have called social, covers a vast extent of country: such, for 
instance, are, in the north, the heaths and forests of pines ; such are, in 
equinoctial America, the assemblages of multitudes of Cactus, Croton, 
Bambusa, and Brathys, of the same species. It is curious to examine such 



f 300 ] 80 

instances of multiplication and organic development. We may inquire 
what species, in a given zone, produces the greatest number of individuals ; 
and we may mark the families to which the predominant species belong in 
different climates. 

" In a northern climate, where Compositae and ferns are to phaenogamous 
plants in the relation of one to thirteen, and of one to twenty-five, (that is 
to say, when these proportions are found by dividing the total number of 
phaenogamous plants by the number of Compositae and ferns,) one single 
species of fern may occupy ten times as much land as all the Compositae 
put together. In such a case, ferns would exceed Compositae by their mass, 
by the number of individuals belonging to particular species of Pteris or 
Polypodium ; but they would not exceed them if a comparison were insti- 
tuted between the different forms exhibited by the two groups of Compositae 
and ferns, and the sum total of phaenogamous species. As the multiplica- 
tion of all species does not follow a single law, and as they do not all pro- 
duce an equal number of individuals, the quotients obtained by dividing 
the total number of phaenogamous plants by the number of species of 
different families do not by themselves determine the aspect, or, it might 
almost be said, the nature, of the monotony of vegetation in different 
quarters of the world. A traveller is often surprised at the continual repe- 
tition of individuals of one species, and of the masses of such individuals 
which are continually occurring ; but he has equal reason to wonder at the 
rarity of other species which are useful to mankind. Thus, in countries 
where whole forests are formed by Rubiaceae, (Cinchonaceae,) Leguminosae, 
and Terebinthaceae, the Cinchonas, logwood, and basalm trees are compar- 
atively very rare. 

" In the consideration of species, the subject may also be viewed in an 
absolute manner with reference to the number of species which prevail in 
particular zones. This interesting kind of comparison has been made in 
M. De Candolle's grand work, and Mr. Kunth has carried it into effect with 
more than 3,500 Compositae now known. It does not, indeed, indicate what 
families predominate, in a given degree, over other phaenogamous plants, 
either with regard to the number of species, or the mass of individuals ; 
but it determines the numerical relations of species of the same family in 
different latitudes. The most varied forms of ferns, for instance, are found 
in the tropics ; it is in the mountainous, temperate, humid, and shady re- 
gions of those parts of the world, that the family of ferns produces the 
o-reatest number of species. In the temperate zone there are fewer than in 
the tropics, and the total number continues to decrease as we approach the 
pole • but as a cold country, Lapland, for instance, produces species that 
have a greater power of resisting low temperature than the great mass of 
phaenogamus plants, it happens that, in Lapland, the relative proportion 
borne by ferns to the rest of the flora is greater than in France or Germany. 
The numerical relations, which appear in the tables that are now about 
to be produced, are entirely unlike the relations indicated by an absolute 
comparison of the species that vegetate under different parallels of latitude. 
The variation which is observable in proceeding from the equator to the 
poles, is consequently different in those two methods. In that of fractions, 
which is adopted by Mr. Brown and myself, there are two causes of varia- 
tion ; that is to say, the total numbers of phaenogamous plants do not vary- 
in passing from one parallel of latitude, or rather from one isothermal zone 



81 [ 300 ] 

to another, in the same proportions as the number of species of a given 
family. 

" If from species or individuals of the same form, which re-prod tice 
themselves in conformity to certain fixed laws, we pass to those divisions 
of the natural system, which are abstractions of different degrees of impor- 
tance, we may either confine ourselves to genera, or orders, or sections of a 
still higher degree. There are certain genera and families which belong 
exclusively to "certain zones, and a particular combination of the conditions 
of climate; but there is also a great number of genera and families, of 
which we find representatives under all zones and at all elevations. The 
earliest researches upon the geographical distribution of forms were those 
of M. Treviranus, published in his ingenious work on Biology, (vol. ii. pp. 
47, 63, 83, 129,) and the object of these was the stations of genera upon the 
globe. But it is more difficult to obtain general results from such a method 
than from that which compares the number of species of each family, or 
the great groups of a particular family, to the whole mass of phasnogamous 
plants. In the frozen zone, the variety of genuine forms does not diminish 
in anything like the degree of decrement of species ; a greater number of 
genera, in a given number of species, is always to be found in such coun- 
tries : and so it also is with the summits of high mountains, which are 
colonised by a great number of genera supplied by the more abundant veg- 
etation of the plains. 

" It is very instructive to study the vegetation of the tropics and of the 
temperate zone, between the parallels of 4U° and 50°, in two different ways : 
firstly, in determining the numerical properties of the flora of a large extent 
of country, including both mountains and plains; and, secondly, in ascer- 
taining those proportions for the plains only of the temperate and torrid 
zones. As in our herbaria we have indicated, by barometrical measure- 
ment, the elevation of each plant in more than 4,000 cases above the level of 
the sea in equinoctial America, it will be easy, when the account of the 
species is completed, (it is now completed.) to separate those which grow at 
or above an elevation of 6,000 feet from such as are inhabitants of a lower 
region. This operation will affect most sensibly those families that abound 
in alpine species ; as, for instance, Graminea? and Compositas. At 6,000 
feet of elevation, the mean temperature of the air, on the back of the equa- 
torial Andes, is 62° 6', which is equal to that of July at Paris. Although, 
upon the table-land of the Cordilleras, we find the same annual tempera- 
ture as in high latitudes, yet it is not right to generalise too much such 
analogies between the temperate climates of equatorial mountains and low 
stations in the circumpolar zone. These analogies are not so great as is 
supposed ; they are much influenced by the partial distribution of heat in 
different seasons of the year. The quotient does not regularly change in 
rising from the plains into the mountains, in the same manner as it does in 
approaching the pole ; as happens with Monocotyledones in general, ferns, 
and Compositaa. 

" We may, moreover, remark, that the development of the vegetation of 
different families depends neither upon geographical or isothermal latitude 
alone ; but that, on the contrary, the quotients are not in accordance on the- 
same isothermal line of the temperate zone in the plains of America, and of 
the old world. Under the tropics, there is a remarkable difference between 
America, India, and the western side of Africa. The distribution of organ- 
ized beings over the surface of the globe depends not only upon veiy com- 

6 

t 



[300] 8 2 

plicated conditions of climate, but also upon geological causes, the nature 
of which is wholly unknown, but which are connected with the original 
state of our planet. In the equinoctial zone of Africa palms are not very 
numerous, if compared with the much greater number in South America. 
Differences such as these, far from turning us from a search after the laws 
of nature, should, on the contrary, excite us to contemplate those laws in 
their most complicated forms. Lines of equal heat do not follow the paral- 
lel of the equator ; they have convex and concave summits, which are dis- 
tributed very regularly over the globe, and form different systems along the 
eastern and western sides of the two worlds, in the centre of continents, and in 
the vicinity of oceans. It is probable that, when theglobe shall have been more 
correctly examined, it will be found that the lines of maxima of grouping 
(that is, lines drawn through those points were the fractions are reduced to 
the smallest denominator) will be isothermal lines. If we divide the globe 
into lines of longitude, and compare the numerical proportions of those 
lines under similar isothermal latitudes, the existence of different systems 
of grouping will at once be evident. From such systems can be distin- 
guished, even in the present imperfect state of our knowledge, those of the 
new world, of Western Africa, of India, and of New Holland. As we find 
that, notwithstanding the regular increase of heat from the equator to the 
poles, the maximum of heat is not always identical in different countries, 
in different degrees of longitude ; so there exists places where certain fam- 
ilies attain a greater degree of development than elsewhere ; as is the case 
with Compositse in the temperate region of North America, and especially 
at the southern extremity of Africa." 

Now follow tables of the different numerical proportions of certain exten- 
sive families and divisions of plants, as far as they have been ascertained. 
I give them in Humboldt's words, with a fev/ interpolations, which are dis- 
tinguished by being included within crotchets [ ]. 

" ACOTYLEDONES. 

" Cryptogamic plants, (fungi, lichens, mosses, and ferns,) and cellular 
and vascular Agamae of De Candolle. Taking the plants of the plains 
along with those of the mountains, we have found, under the tropics,-^; 
but their number ought to be much greater. Brown has shown that it is 
probable that, in the torrid zone, the proportion is — for the plains, and 
\ for the mountains. In the temperate zone cryptogamous plants are gen- 
erally to phsenogamousas 1 to 2 ; in the frozen zone they maintain as large 
a proportion, and often much surpass it. [In Melville island the numbers 
are 58 crypt, to 07 phajnog., or nearly equal : in Sweden, according to the 
computation of Wahlenberg, they are something less than 4 to 1 ; and it 
is probable that this is a near approximation to the true proportions of 
Sweden, the cryptogamic flora of that country having been more accurate- 
ly investigated than that of any other part of the world. 

M In separating cryptogamous plants into three groups, we observe that 
ferns are more numerous, the denominator of the fraction being smaller in 
the frozen than in the temperate zone. Lichens and mosses also increase 
towards the frozen zone. The geographical distribution of ferns depends 
upon the combination of local circumstances of shade, humidity, and mod- 
erate warmth. The maximum (that is to say, the place where, the denom- 
inator of the fraction of the group becomes the smallest possible) is found 



83 [ 300 ] 

to be in the mountainous parts of the tropics, especially in small islands, in 
which the proportion rises to ^, and even higher. Not distinguishing the 
plains from the mountains, Brown finds the proportion of ferns in the tor- 
rid zone to be -^ : in Arabia, India, New Holland, and Western Africa 
(within the tropics) it is i.^ : our American herbaria only indicate g{ : but 
ferns are rare in the wide valleys and arid table-land of the Andes, where 
we were constrained to reside a long time. In the temperate zone ferns 
are ? u, in France ^ in Germany, according to recent observations, T 1 T . The 
group of ferns is extremely rare on Atlas, and is almost entirely absent from 
Egypt. [In Sicily, Presl finds them $$] in Sweden, according to Wahlen- 
berg, they are about T } v .] In the frozen zone ferns appear to increase 
to 2V [There are none in Melville island.] 

" MONOCOT YLEDONES. 

" The denominator becomes progressively smaller in going from the 
equator to 62° north latitude ; it again increases in still more northern regions, 
on the coast of Greenland, where Gramineas are very rare. [Brown remarks 
that, in the list of Greenland plants, Dicotyledones are to Monocotyledones 
as 4 to 1, or in nearly the equinoctial ratio ; and in Spitzbergen, as well as 
can be judged, the proportion of Dicotyledones appears to be still further 
increased. This inversion was found to depend as much on the reduction 
of the proportion of Gramineas as on the increase of certain dicotyledonous 
families, especially Saxifrageas and Cruciferas. The flora of Melville isl- 
and is, however, very different, Dicotyledones being to Monocotyledones 
as 5 to 2, or in as low a ratio as has any where been observed ; while the 
proportion of grasses is nearly double that of any part of the world. — Parry 1 s 
Appendix.] The proportion varies from }to| in different parts of the 
tropics. Among 3,880 phanerogamous plants found in equinoctial Ameri- 
ca by Bonpland and myself, there are 654 Monocotyledones and 3,226 Di- 
cotyledones; here, therefore, the great division of Monocotyledones forms -i 
of phaenogamous plants. According to Brown, this proportion is in the 
old world (India, equinoctial Africa, and New Holland) }. Under the tem- 
perate zone it is found to be \ ; France 1 : 4f ; Germany 1:4^; North 
America, according to Pursh, 1:4^; kingdom of Naples 1 : 4j ; Switzer- 
land 1 : 4i ; Great Britain 1 : 3f ; [Sweden 1 : 3 T 6 ^ ; but in Sicily, according 
to Presl, it is 1 : 5 T 3 -, which is much too high.] In the frozen zone 1. 

"Glumace^e (that is to say, the three families of Junceas, Cyperaceas, 
and Gramineas united.) — Trap. ^; Temp. \\ Frozen \. This increase 
towards the north is due to the greater prevalence of Junceas and Cypera- 
ceas, which are much more rare, as compared with other phasnogamous 
plants, in the temperate and torrid zones. Comparing the species of these 
three families, we find that Gramineas, Cyperaceas, and Junceas, are in the 
tropics as 25, 7, 1 ; in the temperate parts of the old world as 7, 5, 1 ; with- 
in the polar circle as 2f , 2|, and 1. In Lapland there are as many Gra- 
mineas as Cyperaceas; thence, towards the equator, Cyperacese and Junceas 
diminish much more than Gramineas. The form of Junceas almost disap- 
pears in the tropics. 

"JuNCEiE alone. — Trop. ^i^ : Temp. 7 ?„, (Germany ^ 4 -, France -^\ t ) 
[Sicily 7 ^;] Frozen J Ti [Melville island w \ m ] 

" Cyperacese alone. — Trop. America scarcely z \, Western Africa r \, 
India J I5 New Holland r \ ; Temp, perhaps ~. (Germany T ' T , France, ac- 



[ 300 ] 84 

cording to De Candolle, ft, Denmark ft,) [Sweden rather more than ft, 
Sicily^;] Frozen a, in Lapland and Kamschatka; [Meiville island r \.j 
" Gramine-^e alone.— Trop. I have always supposed x \ ; but Brown finds 
for Western Africa ft, for India ft; and Horneman makes the proportion 
of Guinea T „ ; Temp. Germany ft, France ft, [Sweden not quite ft, Si- 
cily ft 5] Frozen ft, Melville island nearly \.\ 

" DICOTYLEDONES. 

"Composite. — Not distinguishing plants of the plains from those of the 
mountains, we found them in equinoctial America \ and 4 ; but of 534 
compositse of our herbaria, only 94 were found between the plains and 
3,000 feet of elevation, a height at which the mean temperature is 71° 3', 
equalling that of Cairo, Algiers, and Maderia. From the plains to 6,000 
feet, where mean temperature is that of Naples, we found 265 compositse. 
Therefore the proportion of compositse in the regions of equinoctial America, 
below 6,000 feet, is from £ to T V This result is very remarkable, inasmuch 
as it proves that, within the tropics in the low and hot region of the new 
continent, there are fewer compositse ; and in the subalpine and temperate 
regions, more than under the same conditions in the old world. Brown 
finds for the Congo river and Sierra Leone ft, for India and New Holland 
ft. In the temperate zone compositse are, in America, 4 ; and this is pro- 
bably the proportion borne by compositse on the very high stations of equi- 
noctial America, to the whole mass of phsenogamous plants in the same 
places ; at the Cape of Good Hope \, in France 4. or more properly, ft, in 
Germany % [in Sweden, between ft and T ' r , in Sicily, rather less than g.j 
In the frozen zone compositse are, in Lapland ft, in Kamtschatka ft, [in 
Melville island ft.] tt ; __■ 

"Leguminos^s.— Trop. America ft, India i, New Holland 1, Western 
Africa | ; Temp. France ft, Germany ft, North America T V, Siberia ft, 
Sweden ft, Sicily 4 ;] Frozen ft, [Melville island ft.] 

"Labi atje.— Trop. ft; Temp. North America ft, Germany, ft, 
France ft< [Sicily ft, Sweden ft ;] Frozen ft, [Melville island 0.] The 
scarcity of Labi atae and Cruciferse, in the temperate zone of the new con- 
tinent, is a very remarkable phenomenon. 

" Malvac.e.— Trop. America ^ 7 , India and Western Africa ft, the coast 
of Guinea alone ft ; Temp. T } T ; Frozen 0. 

" Cruciferse.— Trop. Scarcely any, except in mountainous regions be- 
yond from 7,000 to 10,000 feet 'of elevation; France ft, Germany ft, 
[Sweden ft, Sicily ft, Balearic islands, according to Cambessedes ft, Mel- 
ville island 4,1 North America ft. 

RubiacetE.— Without dividing the family into several sections, we find 
for the tropics in America ft, in Western Africa ft ; for the temperate 
zone in German v ft, in France ft ; for the frozen zone in Lapland ft. 
Brown separates the great family of Rubiacese into two groups, distinguished 
by peculiar relations to climate. That of Stellatse without stipulse, princi- 
pally belongs to the temperate zone ; it is almost wholly absent under the 
tropics, except on the summit of mountains. The group, with opposite 
stipulate leaves, [Cinchonacem, Lindl.) belongs exclusively to equitonal 



regions. 

" Euphorbiace*:.— Trop. America ft, India and New Holland ft. 



85 [ 300 J 

Western Africa ^V 5 Temp. France 7 V, Germany T i^, [Sicily ,'g, Sweden 
gig, Balearic islands x \ :] Frozen. Lapland ^ i ff . 

" Ericeae. — Trop. America T i„ ; Temp. France Ti many $\ 

North America ^\ ; Frozen. Lapland ^\. 

" Amentace^:. — Trop. America T ^ ; Temp. France j 1 ^. Germany t \ } 
North America J^ ; Frozen. Lapland ^. 

'''• UMBELLiFERiE. — Scarcely any in the tropics below 7,000 feet, but 
taking together, in equinoctial America, both the plains and the high moun- 
tains, T i ff ; in the Temp, zone, much more in the old than in the new 
world; France £ T1 North America J T ; Frozen. Lapland r \. 

" In comparing the two worlds, we find in general in the new continent, 
under the equator, fewer Cyperaceae and Cinchonaceae, and more Composi- 
te ; in the temperate zone, fewer Labiatae and Cruciferae, and more Com- 
positae, Ericeae, and Amentaceae, than in the corresponding zones of the 
old world. The families that increase from the equator towards the poles, 
(according to the method of fractions,) are Glumaceae, Ericeae, and Amen- 
taceae ; those which diminish from the equator to the pole, are Legumi- 
nosae, Rubiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, and Malvaceae ; the families that appear 
to attain their maximum in the temperate zone, are Compositae, Labiatae, 
Umbelli ferae, and Cruciferae." 

To these most instructive and interesting remarks, Humboldt has added 
the following table : 



[ 300 ] 



S6 



P4 



a© 



fli" 



kj 



in omltjooo — 



C o 

o o» 


s 1 

S 3 


H 



«h O ffi 



3 O* 


tt<~> 






C3 1 




£o 






B ni 


ovl 


W 



o 


(S 


♦J* 




o> 




e 




rH 


FH 


a 


c 
















G 






e 

















o 

-a 








o£ 



— < CJ C» — CO -^ CJ "* -< to 






3 H 3 = 






1-i * 






S§ 



5 «B 

vj «) .3 -^ 

d a> •— 3 

•r -r c o 

i is o o 

a 2 u te 

o o2 <u 



a -j fl-»3 



2 a) 



CD Co, 

C o 

o , 



si 



o 



"O <u a ~ 



^ 



bo 
< 



•7- flj « 



F 3 S 



«1§2 



U g J; 



s -a 



.3 43 .2 > 



o 3a °- °s 3 be -g g- ,o 



S 5 



hOOOJPiWJ^W 



s 

o 

St 

s 


0J 




5.S Si 


<u 








ti 





? 


w|5 


< 


P 


U 


o © 



o 2 

c .3 

■a s 

S 2 
a-« 



■a e 



* g 
O P 

32 



a ©- 



JS v- 



3 f. 



•a .5 



2 S- 

05 E^3 



87 [ 300 ] 

From what has now been said, it would seem that the forms assumed 
by vegetation, ill different latitudes, are dependant upon 'particular con- 
ditions of climate and soil, and that it is to variations of these conditions 
that we are to ascribe the difference between the flora of the equator and 
of the polar regions. And this is no doubt true : but there are, neverthe- 
less, some plants which have a remarkable power of adapting themselves 
to all climates and circumstances ; and there are others which readily 
naturalize themselves in climates similar to their own. Of the latter, 
examples present themselves at every step ; all the hardy plants of our 
gardens may, in some sort, be considered of this nature ; for, although 
they do not grow spontaneously in the fields, they flourish almost without 
care in our gardens. The pine apple has gradually extended itself east- 
ward from America, through Africa, into the Indian Archipelago ; where 
it is now as common as if it were a plant indigenous to the soil ; and, 
in like manner, the spices of the Indies have become naturalized on the 
the coast of Africa, and in the West Indian islands* Of the former de- 
scription, the instances are not numerous, but they are very remarkable. 
In the woods of Georgia, in North America, grows the Rosa laevigata, 
which, while all the other species of rose of that country are entirely dif- 
ferent from those of other regions, is identical with the R. sinica of China ; 
to the flora of which country, that of North America has no resemblance. 
Samolus valeraudi is found all over the world, from the frozen north to the 
burning south ; associated here with Amentacese and similar northern 
forms, and there mixed with palms and the genuine denizens of the tropics. 
Above 350 species are said to be common to Europe and North America, 
and even among the peculiar features of the flora of New Holland, Brown 
recognised 16(3 European species. Royle has added numerous instances 
of Siberian, European, African, and American plants occurring in India. 
The presence of many of such strangers may, undoubtedly, be referred to 
the agency of man, by whom they have been transported from climate to 
climate, along with corn, and by other means ; as, for example, at Pont 
Juvenal, near Montpellier, the vicinity of which abounds with Barbary 
plants ; the seeds of which are known to have been brought across the 
Mediterranean along with the Barbary wool which is disembarked at that 
station. In like manner, the various kinds of corn have been carried about 
from country to country, for the service of mankind, until their real home 
has become doubtful. Medicago sativa is common in Chili, whither it 
has been transported by the Spaniards; and instances, in abundance, of 
similar cases could be produced. But it must not thence be inferred that 
all cases of species, growing in places far away from their kindred forms, are 
to be referred to migration : for this, the agency of man, of animals, cAseas, of 
wind, and of torrents, will, doubtless, have done a great deal ; but none of 

* In the hot-houses and green-houses of Europe there are thousands of valuable plants of the 
tropics which have hitherto been merely cosily objects of princely curiosity ; but of which 
very many may be profiiab'y transported to tropical Florida. It is well known that all the 
coffee of tropical America has proceeded from a single plant in the garden at Paris, trans- 
planted in the island of Guadaloupe ; and there is, or ought to be, now on the way from the 
same garden, by the orders of the subscriber, a plant which will be of infinitely m;>re import- 
ance to the United States, when domesticated in the mnrshes of Florida, viz: the Musa Abaca. 
In the European colonies, in the United States islands, and on the continent of tropical America, 
there are botanical gardens and nurseries which contain many of the most valuable vegetables 
of the whole torrid zone. Hence the G.jvernmem ol the United Stales, at a small expense, 
can procure them from Cuba and Jamaica, and Guadaloupe, and from the English, French, 
and Dutch settlements at Cayenne, Demarara, and also from Brazil. H. P. 



[ 30 ° ] 



88 



these causes, nor any other with which I am acquainted, will explain the 
identity of the Calypso borealis. Orchis viridis, and Betula nana, of North 
America, and of Europe ; of the Potamogetons, common to Europe and 
New Holland ; of the Rose, already adverted to, as common to North 
America and China ; of the Osmorhiza of the Himalayas, with that of the 
United States ; of the wide diffusion of Samolus valerandi ; and, most es- 
pecially, of the identity of the cryptogamic plants of various countries, 
plants incapable of cultivation — unconnected with the purposes of man — 
and, of all others, the most difficult of transport under any form. To us it 
appears that such plants must have been originally created in ihe places 
where they now exist ; the contingent circumstances under which they 
were found having been favorable to the particular mode of vegetable de- 
velopment which was necessary for their formation. 

One rather important element in all calculations concerning the geo- 
graphical distribution of plants, is the actual number of species upon the 
surface of the earth. In the existing state of herbaria, and with so many 
large districts, either altogether, or very imperfectly examined, there is no 
possibility of arriving at anything more than an approximation to the true 
number ; and even this may prove so very wide of the truth as to be really 
exceedingly fallacious. Nevertheless, some idea of it may be formed from 
the following data and conjectures : 



The number of described plants in 1827, was, according to 
Sprengel, about ------ 

To this may be added for errors, and erroneous suppressions 
of species, say ...... 

Add also for India and the rest of Asia - 

America ...... 

" Africa ------ 



Phaenosramous. 



31,000 



0,000 
10,000 ) 
20,000 > 
10,000 ) 



77,000 



Cryptogamous. 



(5,000 
1,000 
2,000 

9,000 



That this is not an exaggerated statement in regard America, will be ob- 
vious from the following comparison of the numhers, in a few cases, of 
American species, admitted by Sprengel, and what have since been pub- 
lished by other botanists : 



Number of American species of 



Salvia 

Hyptis 

Hydrophylleas 

Calilbrnian Polemoniaceae 

Habenaria /?. Br. 

Melastomaeea? 



99 according to Sprengel, 1G0 according to Bentham. 



2!) 

12 

4 

31 

235 

410 



208 
40 
33 " " 

00 according to Lindley. 
633 according to De Candolle. 



1,146 



So that the number appears already to have been ascertained to be in 
these seven cases, nearly three times as great as Sprengel supposed. 

The best attempt that has yet heen made to group these species geo- 
graphically, is by Schouw, from whom we take (Linn. vol. viii. p. 623) the 



following : 



89 [ 300 ] 

A'otes for a lecture on the geographical distribution of plants. 

I. KINGDOM OF THE MOSSES AND SAXIFRAGES. 

(Arctic Alpine Kingdom. — W aide nb erg's Kingdom.) 

a. The Polar countries from the ice limits to the tree limits (Scandinavia, 
70° N. L. Asia, 68°, Kamtschatka, 58°, middle of North America, 68°, 
Labrador, 58°, the polar islands, Greenland, Iceland, G0°. 

b. The higher regions of the mountains of Ei:rope, North Asia, and 
probably also of North America. Likewise from the snow-line to the tree- 
limit, namely: in Northern Scandinavia, 1,500 — 3,000 French feet; in 
Southern Scandinavia, 3,500— 5,200; in the Carpathian Alps, 4,500— 8.000; 
in the Alps on their north side, 5,500— 8,200, on the south side, 6,500 — 8,600; 
the Pyrenees on the north side, 6,500— 7,800, on thesouth side, 6,900— 8,600; 
the Appenines, 6,000— 9.000; Caucasus, 5.500—10,000; the Altai Mountains, 
6,000—7.000. The Greek Mountains, the Balkan, Sierra Nevada. 

Mean Temperature : Polar lands, 1.75° to +41° Fahr. ; Mount, reg. 
+20.75° to -1-36.5°. 

Characteristic and predominating forms. — Ranunculus, Arabis, Draba, 
Arenaria, Uryas, Potentilla, Saxifraga, Rhododendron, Azalea, Gentiana, 
Pedicularis, Salix, Musci, Lichenes. For the polar lands particularly: 
Cpptis, Eutrema, Parrya, Diapensia, Andromeda, Ledum. For the moun- 
tain regions ; Cherleria, Campanula, Phyteuma. Primula, Aretia, Solda- 
nella. 

Dwarf herbaceous plants with proportionate large flowers of a pure color. 
Trees absent. Dominating shrubs and half-shrubs in the polar lands : 
Betulanana: Salix lanata, fusca, lapponum, reticulata, arctica, herbacea ; 
Rubus, Chamaemorus, Empetrum nigrum ; Andromeda hypnoides, tetra- 
gona; Arbutus alpina, Uva ursi ; Azalea procumbens, Rhododendron 
lapponicum, Menziesia ceerulea. In the mountain region : Juniperus nana. 
Alnus viridis ; Salix reticulata, herbacea; Rhododendron ferrugineum, 
hirsutum, caucasicum; Vaccinium Myrtillus, uliginosum ; Azalea procum- 
bens ; Arbutus alpina, Uva ursi ; Empetrum nigrum. 

Plants which approach the snow line: Ranunculus glacialis, Saxifraga 
oppositifolia, Silene acaulis. In the polar lands particularly : Agrostis 
algida; Ranunculus hyperboreus, nivalis; Papaver nudicaule, Draba alpi- 
na, Lychnis apetala, Diapensia lapponica. In the mountain regions: Sax- 
ifraga muscoides, bryoides ; Cherleria sedoides ; Aretia helvetica, alpina; 
Draba nivalis, Petrocallis pyrenaica, Arabis bellidifolia, Myosotis nana, 
Gentiana nivalis, Achillea nana, Linaria alpina. 

No cultivation. 

II. KINGDOM OF THE UMBELLIFER^E AND CRUCIFERS. 

(North European and North Asiatic Kingdom. — Linne's Kingdom.) 

Europe and North Asia from the southern limits of the last kingdom to 
the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkan, Caucasus, Altai, Dahuria, and the 
middle regions of the mountains of Southern Europe. Mean Temperature. 
+27.5° to 56.75°. 

Character. — Umbelliferae, Cruciferse, Coniferae, Amentaceae, Gramineee, 



[ 300 j 90 

Cariceae, Fungi, Cichoraceae, Cynarocephalae: particularly in Asia ; Halo- 
phytae (<\ g. Salsola, Salicornia,) Astragaleae. 

Luxuriant growth of grass. Trees with deciduous leaves. Some 
heaths. 

Predominating trees and shrubs: Pinus sylvestris, Cembra, sibirica, 
Pinaster; Abies excelsa, pectinata ; Larix europaea, Juniperus communis.' 
Betula alba, Alnus glutinosa and incana ; Fagussylvatica, Quercus pedun- 
culata and sessiliflora, Carpinus Betulus, Castanea vesca, Salices, Populus 
tremula, Corylus Avellana, Ulmus campestris, Erica vulgaris, Primus spin- 
osa, Sorbus aucuparia : Acer Pseudo-platanus, platanoides, campestre ; 
Tilia platyphilla, microphylla. 

Cultivated plants : Secale sereale ; Hordeum vulgare, hexastichon, dis- 
tichon ; Avena Sativa; Triticum vulgare, Spelta ; Zea Mays, Panicum 
miliaceum, Solanom tuberosum, Polygonum Fagopyrum. 

Pyrus Mains, communis ; Cydonia vulgaris, Cerasus vulgaris and avium. 
Primus domestica, Armeniaca vulgaris," Persica vulgaris, Moms nigra, 
Juglans regia, Vitis vinifera; Ribes rubrum, Grossularia, nigrum; Fra- 
garia vesca, Cucumis Melo. 

Brassica oleracea, Rapa; Raphanus sativus, Sinapis nigra and alba, Pisuin 
sativum, Phaseolus vulgaris. Faba vulgaris, Ervum Lens,Spinacia oleracea, 
Beta vulgaris, Cucumis sativus, Cucurbits Pepo, Carum Carvi, Daucus 
Carota, Humulus Lupulus, Linum usitatissimum, Cannabis sativa Brassica 
Napus. 

Trifolium pratense and repens, Vicia sativa, Medicago sativa, Lolium 
perenne. 

III. KINGDOM OF LABIAT/E AND CAR YOPHYLLE7E. 

(Mediterranean Kingdom. — De CaudolWs Kingdom.) 

The region which border the Mediterranean Sea, limited on the north 
by the Pyrenees, the Alps, the Balkan, and Caucasus ; on the south, by 
Atlas and the deserts of North Africa ; on the east by Taurus. Mean 
Temperature, -j-54 5° to 72.5°. 

Character. — Labiatae, Caryophylleae, Boragincas, Cistineae, Liliaceae. 
The orders mentioned under II.; but the most of them less predominating, 
particularly Caricese. Representations of tropical orders : Palmse, Tere- 
binthaceae, Laurineae. Orders which increase towards the equator are 
more numerous than in II., as Leguminosas. Malvaceae, Solaneae, Euphor- 
biacea), Urticeae. 

Adonis, Nigella, Trifolium, Medicago, Genista, Cytisus, Scabiosa, Anthe- 
mis, Achillea, Verbascum, Narcissus. Many evergreen trees and shrubs. 
A greater number of ligneous plants than in II. The growth of grass less 
luxuriant. 

Predominating trees and shrubs: Pinus Pinea, Pinaster, h ilepensis.Laricio: 
Cupressus sempervirens; Juniperus phcenicea, macrocarpa ; Q,uercus Cerris, 
pedunculata, sessiliflora, Ilex, Suber, iEgilops. coccifera, infectoria ; Castanea 
vesca, Platanus orientalis, Alnus cordifolia, Corylus Colurna, Ostraya 
vulgarns ; Acer monspessulauum, neapolitanum ; Pistacia, Terebinthus. 
Lentiscus; Ceratonia Siliqua,CercisSiliqnastrum, Genista scoparia,Mespilus 
Pyracantha, Primus Laurocerasus ; Tamarix gallica, africana; Myrtus 
communis, Punica,Granatum,Opuutia vulgarns. (Cactus.) Viburnum Tinus, 



91 [30)] 

Arbutus Unedo, Erica arborea, and scoparia; Rhododendron ponticum, 
maximum; Cistus sp. ; Phillyrea latifolia, angustifolia; Ornus europaea, 
and rotundifolia, Nerium Oleander, Rosmarinus officinalis, Ephedra 
distachya. Chamaerops humilis, Ruscus aculeatus, Smilax aspera, Tamil s 
communis, Agave americana. 

Cultivated plants, the same as under II. ; but the following are either 
scarce, or only to be found on mountains: Secale cereale : Ribes rubrum r 
Grossularia,nigrum; Polygouum Fagopyrum, Humulus Lupulus; Salanum 
tuboronum ; Pynismalis ammunis. 

The following are to be added : Oryza sativa, Sorghum vulgare, Panicum 
italicum,FicusCarica,Amygdalus communis, Pistacia vera; Citrus Limonum r 
Medica, vulgarus, Aurantium : Opuntia vulgaris, Cucurbita Citrullus, 
Olea europaea ; Solanum Melongena, Lycopersicum ; Pimpinella Anisum, 
Coriandrum sativum, Gossypium herbaceum, Morus alba, Crocus sativus, 
Rhus Coriaria, Lupinus albus, Onobrychis sativa. 

Note 1. Madeira, the Azores, and the Canary islands belong to this 
kingdom; but their Flora approaches to that of tropical Africa. Characteristic 
forms are: Sempervivumarboreum,Canariense, tortuosum,ect. ; Ilex Perado ; 
Plocama pendula, Cacalia Klein ia, Sonchus fruticosus, Arbutus callicarpa, 
Ardisia excelsa, ceropegia aphylla, Echium giganteum, etc., Laurus foetens ; 
Euphorbia balsamifera, canadensis ; Myrica Faya, Pinus canadensis. 

Note 2. The highest regions of this kingdom belong to I., and the middle 
toll. 

IV. KINGDOM OP ASTEREjE AND SOLIDAGINEjE. 

(North Northern-American Kingdom. Michaux's Kingdom.) 

North America, from the southern limits of the first kingdom to 36° N, 
L. Mean Temperature, 9.5° to 59°. 

Character. — More sorts of Coniferae and Amentaceae than in II. ; but few 
Umbelliferae, Cruciferee, Cichoraceas, Cynarocephalas. 

Hydrastis, Sanguinaria. Hudsonia, Ptelea, Robinia, Gymnocladus,Purshia, 
Gillinia, Decodon, CEnothera, Clarkia, Ludwigia, Bartonia, Claytonia, 
Heuchera, Ilex. Hamamelis, Mitchella, Aster, Solidago, Liatris, Rudbeckia, 
Galardia, Vaccinium, Andromeda, Kalmia, Sabbatia, Houstonia, Hydrophyl- 
lum, Phlox, Monarda, Dodecatheon, Dirca, Hamiltonia, Lewisia, Trilium, 
Medeola. 

Predominant trees and shrubs : Pinus Strobus, inops. resinosa, Banksiana, 
variabilis, rigida, serotina, pungens ; Abies balsamea, taxifolia, canadensis, 
nigra, rubra, alba ; Larix pendula, microcarpa ; Thuja occidentalis, 
sphaeroidea ; Juniperus virginiana, Sabina ; Taxus canadensis, Q,uercus 
25 sp. ; Fagussylvatica, ferrugiuea ; Castanea americana, pumila; Ostrya 
virginica, Carpinus americana ; Corylus americana, rostrata ; Alnusglutinosa, 
crispa, serrulata ; Betula nigra, papyracea, etc.; Salix 27 sp. ; Populus 
balsamifera, monilifera, etc. ; Myrica cerifera, etc. ; Platanus occidentalis, 
Liquidambar styraciflua ; Juglans nigra, cinerea, etc. ; Ulmus americana. 
ect. ; Nyssa aquatica, Fraxinus alba, nigra, etc. ; Ornus americana, Ribes 
floridum, aureum, etc.; Vaccinium 20, Andromeda 10; Kalmia latifolia, 
angustifolia, glauca; Azalea viscosa, nitida, glauca, nudiflora, etc.; 
Rhodendron maximum ; Cornus florida, alba, canadensis, etc. ; Hamamelis 



[ 300 ] 92 

virginica; Spiraea salicifolia, chamaedrifolia, opulifolia, hypericifolia, etc. ; 
Gillenia trifoliate, Crataegus sp. ; Cerasas pamila, nigra, etc. ; Purshia 
tridentata,Rubus20, Pyrussp. ; Robinia Pseudacacia, hispida; Gymnocladus 
canadensis ; Rhus typhi na, glabra, venenata, Toxicodendron, etc. ; Ptelea 
trifoliata, Ceanothus americanus, etc. ; Rhamnus alnifolius, etc. ; Ilex opaca, 
etc.; Enonyraus americanus, atropurpureus ; Staph ylea trifolia, Ampelopsis 
hederacea ; Acer rubrum, dasycarpum, saccharinum, straitum ; Negundo 
fraxini folium; Xanthoxylumfraxineum, tricarpum; Tilia glabra, pubescens; 
Liriodendron Tulipifera. 

In the northern parts (to 50°, to 55° N. L.) there is no cultivation. More 
to the soulh, the same cultivated plants as in II. Maize culture is more 
frequent. 

3 

V. KINGDOM OF MAGNOLIAS. 

(Southern North- American Kingdom. PursWs Kingdom.) 

North America, between 36°, 30° N. L. Mean Temperature 59° to 
72.5°. 

Character. — Some approximation to tropical vegetation.* Cannese (Can- 
na, Thalia,) Palmee (Chamaerops,) Yucca, Cycadtas (Zamia,) Laurus, Ipo- 
maea, Bignonia, Asclepias, Cacteas (Mammillaria, Opuntia,) Rhexia, Passi- 
flora, Cassia, Sapindus. 

A few Labiates, Caryophylleae, Umbelliferae, Cruciferas, Cichoraceae, 
Geraniaceas ; few sorts of Aster and Solidago. 

Trees with broad shining leaves and large flowers. 

Magnolia, Liriodendron, Illicium. Asimina, Dionasa, Pavia, Amorpha, 
Gleditshia, Baptisia, Petalostemnm, Calycanv.hus, CEnothera, Claytonia, 
Rudbeckia, Liatris, Silphinm, Kalmia, Houstonia. Frasera, Halesia, Dode- 
catheon. 

Predominating trees and shrubs : Magnolia grandiflora, glauca, etc. ; 
Illicium floridanum and parviflorunj, Liriodendron Tulipifera, Asimina sp.; 
Pavia flava, macrostachya, etc. ; Amorpha fruticosa, Gleditschia triacan- 
thos, etc. ; Robinia viscosa ; Cassia Tora, marilandica etc. : Acacia glandu- 
losa, Calycanthus floridus, etc. ; Kalmia hirsulo, cuneata ; Opuntia vulgaris, 
fragilis, missouriensis ; Halesia tetraptera, diptera ; Laurus Catesbyana, 
carolinensis, Benzoin, Sassafras, etc. ; Jiiglans fraxinifolia ; Carya aquatica, 
myristicasformis ; Liquidambar styraciflua, Carpinus americana ; Castanea 
americana, pumila ; Platanus occidentalis, Quercus 25, Schubertia disticha; 
Pinus Tasda. palustris ; Zamia integrifolia; Yuccu gloriosa, aloifolia, etc.; 
Chamaerops Hystrix, Palmetto, serrulata. 

Culture. — Nearly the same things as in III., with the exception of the 
olive ; the culture of rice is more extended. In the southern parts some 
tropical plants, particularly Saccharum officinarum.t 

* Hence the great encouragement for the gradual accumulation of all tropical plants in the 
southern and southwestern Stales. H. P. 

t Tropical cotton, the greatest staple; tropical tobncco, the next; then tropical rice; and 
finally, tropical sugar. H. P. 



93 [ 300 ] 

VI. KINGDOM OP CAMMELLIAS AND CELASTRINEiE. 

(Chino-Japanese Kingdom. — Kcempfcfs Kingdom.) 

Japan and Northern China 30°— 40°. N. L. Mean Temperature, 54-5° 
to 68°.* 

Character. — Magnolia, Nandina, Eurya, Camellia, Thea, Celastrus, Ilex, 
Euonymus, Bumalda, Hovenia, Kerria, Spiraea, Gonocarpus, Lagerstroemia,t 
Aucuba, Bladhia, Dorsena, Eleagnns, Poiygoum, Pollia. 

Predominating trees and shrubs : Rhapis flabelliformis, Finns sp. ; Taxus 
nncifera, verticillata ; Cnpressns japonicn, pendula ; Juniperus virginiana ; 
Thuja orientalis, dolabrata ; Quercus glabra, glauca ; Alnus japonica, Ju- 
lians nigra, Broussonetio papyrifera, Daphne odora ; Laurus glauca, lucida, 
umbellata, pedunculata ; Olea fragrans, Diospyros Kaki, Mespilus japonica, 
Sophora japonica ; Acer japonicum, septemlobatum, palmatum, etc. ; Ca- 
mellia japonica and Sasanqua. 

Cultivated plants : Oryza sativa, Triticum vulgare, Hordeum vulgare, 
Avena sativa, Sorghum vulgare, Eleusine coracana, Polygonum Faoopy- 
rum, Cycas revoluta, (Sago,) Caladium esculentum, Convolvulus edulis. 

Pyrus Malus, communis, baccata, spectabilis ; Cydonia vulgaris, Prunus 
domestica, Cerasus vulgaris ; Armeniaca vulgaris, Persica vulgaris, Mespi- 
lus japonica ; Citrus japonica, decumana, Aurantium, nobilis, marginata, 
etc.; Cucumis Melo, Thea chinensis ; Brassica Rapa, orientalis ; Rapnanus 
sativus, Cucumis sativus Conomon ; Cucurbita Pepo, Citrullus ; Pimpinella 
Anisum, Illicium anisatum, Soya hispida ; Phaseolus vulgaris, radiatus ; 
Pisum sativum, Faba vulgaris, Solanum aethiopicum, Sesamum orientale, 
Cannabis, sativa, Broussonetia papyrifera, Gossypium herbaceum. 

: 

VII. KINGDOM OP SCITAMINE^E. 

(Indian Kingdom. — Roxburgh's Kingdom.) 

Both the Indian peninsulas to a height of 4 — 5,000 feet in Ceylon. 
Mean Temperature, 65.75° to 8l.5°.t 

Character. — Tropical orders appear, or become more numerous. Palmas, 
Cycadeae, Scitamineae, Aroideae, Artocarpeae, Urticeae, Uuphorbiaceae, Lau- 
rineae, Convolvulaceae, Bignoniaceae, Apocyneae, Rubiaceae, Leguminosas, 
Terebinthaceae, Meliaceae, Guttiferae, Sapindaceae, Buttneriaceas, Malvaceae. 

The following disappear or appear, but sparingly, as Cariceae, Coniferae, 
'Amentaceae, Labiates. Boragineae, Synanthereae, Rosaceas, Caryophylleae, 
Cistineae, Cruciferae, Ranunculaceae. 

Uvaria, Grewia, Eriolsena, Garcinia, Buchanania, Crotalaria, Flemingia, 
Butea, Carpopogon, Jambosa, Gratiola, Teclona, Holmskioldia, Ficus, 
Phytocrene, Calamus. 

Trees do not lose their leaves. The number of tree like shrubs is more 
considerable than beyond the tropic. Large magnificent flowers. Many 
climbing and parasitical plants.§ 

* Compare this with the mean temperature of Charleston, S. C, and other portions of the 
southern States, where every useful plant of China and Japan may be successfully propagated. 

t At Charleston the tea plant ripens its seeds, and the beautiful lagerstrcemia is thoroughly 
domesticated. 

t Annual mean 76.62° in tropical Florida. Lowest extreme, 44° ; highest do. 90°. 

§ Equally the facts in tropical Florida. H. P. 



[ 300 ] 94 

Predominating Iree-like plants: Dillenia ornata, scabrella ; (Jvaria sp., 
Michelia Oampaca etc.. Bombax insignis etc., Stercnlia sp., Astrapasa Wal- 
lichii, Elscocarpns sp., Calophyllum sp., Garcinia sp., Sapindus sp., Swiete- 
nia febrifuga, Cissus sp., Aquilaria mallaccensis, Semecarpns Anacardiura, 
Melanorrhoea usitata, Mimosa sp.. Acacia sp., Amberstia nobilis, Pterocar- 
pus santalinum, Cassia fistula, Jambosa sp., Gardenia sp., Nanclea sp., 
Uncaria Gambir, Diospyros Ebenum etc., Urceola elastica, Bignonia. sp., 
Avicennia tomentosa; Tectona grandis, Hainiltoniana ; Laurus Cassia, 
Cinnamomum, Malabatrum ; Tetranthera sp., Myristica sp., Hernandia 
sonora ; Ficus religiosa, indica, elastica, benjamina, and many others ; 
Cycas revoluta, Borassns fiabelliformis, Cocos nucifera, Elate sylvestris, 
Metroxylon Sagus ; Calamus Rotang, rudentum, Mnsa regia; rosacea; coc- 
cinea; Abaca uepalensis, troglodytarum, superba,glauca, ornata. Draco, etc.; 
Areca Catechu, Taliera bengalensis, Dracaena Draco, Pandanus odoratissi- 
mus, Flagellaria indica, Bambusa arundinacea. 

Cultivated plants : Oryza sativa, Panicum frumentaceum, Eleusine cor- 
acana ; Sorghum sp. ; Cycas circinalis ; Dioscorea alata, Arachis hypogae, 
Cocos, nucifera, Tamarindus indica, Mangifera indica, Garcinia Mangosta- 
na ; Musa paradisiaca, sapientum ; Jambosa vulgaris, malaccensis ; Psidi- 
um pomiferum ; Citrus Aurantium, decumana, etc. ; Cucurbita Citrullus, 
Saccharum officinarum, Coffea arabica, Caroyphyllus aromaticus ; Piper 
longum, nigrum, Betle, Cubeba; Zingiber officinale ; Alpinia Cardamom- 
um, Curcuma longa., Soja hispida, Phaseolus sp., Dolichos sp., Gossypium 
herbaceum ; Indigofera tinctoria, Anil. 

VIIT. HIMALAYAN KINGDOM. 

( WallicKs Kingdom.) 

The highlands of India, or the mountain terraces, lying on the south of 
the Himalayan range, Kamoon, Nepal, Boutan, 4,000 — 10,000 feet. Mean 
Temperature, 36.5° to 65.75°* 

Character — Tropical forms disappear or decrease. Palmae, Cycadeae, 
Scitamineae, Euphorbiaceae, Solaneae, Convolvulacesc, Apocyneae, Terebin- 
thaceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Annonaceas. 

Extra-tropical, particularly European, forms appear, or become more 
frequent than in VII., as Cariceae, Amentaceae, Coniferese, Polygonese, 
(Rumex, Polygonum, Rheum,) Primulaceae, (Primula, Lysimachia,) La- 
biates, Ericese, (Rhododendron, Andromeda,) Cichoraceae, Umbelliferac, 
Rosaceas, (Potentilla, Rubus, Rosa, Mespilus, Pyrus, Primus,) Acerineae, 
Caroyphylleae, (Stellaria, Cerastium, Arenaria,) Cruciferae, Ranunculaceae, 
(Aconitum, Ranunculus, Thalictrum.) 

Orchideas and Fillices, very numerous. To the characteristic forms also 
belong Allium, Paris, Plantago, Veronica, Rhinathus, Pedicularis, Didy- 
mocarpeaB, Gentiana, Swertia, Campanula, Valeriana, Galium, Cornus, Vi- 
burnum. 

The most important trees and shrubs : Pinus excelsa ; Abies Smithiana, 
Brunoniana ; Cupressus torulosa, Podocarpus latifolia ; Juniperus squamata, 
recurva; Quercus spicataetc, Corylus ferox; Betula utilis, nitida, alnoides ; 
Alnus nepalensis ; Salix disperma, cuspidata, japonica; Daphne cannabina, 
Gardeneri, sericea, Bholua ; Eleagnus arborea, conferta, umbellata ; Hippo- 
phea salicifolia, Fraxinus floribunda ; Ligustrum nepalense, bracteolactum ; 

*Mean temperature at New Orleans,|451C° to 82.83°, or 66.93°. 



95 [ 300 ] 

Xylosteumligustrinum; Caprifoliura jnponicum, macranthum ; Cornns ob- 
longa, capitata ; Viburnum fcetidum, etc.; Andromeda formosa, ovalifolia, 
etc. ; Rhododendrum arboreum, etc., Hedera Helix, etc. ; lllex dipyrena, 
odorata, etc. ; Ribes Takare. Rosa macrophylla, etc. ; Rubus rugosus, 
betulluus, etc. ; Spiriaea canescens, etc. ; Nellia thyrisflora, rubiflora ; Pyrus, 
Pashia; MespiUis affinis, cuila, etc.; Prunus undulata, cerasoides; Rhus- 
jnglandifolium, fraxinifohum, etc.; Rhamnus sp., Celastrus sp., Euony, 
mus sp. ; Acer acuminatum, oblongum; Dobinse vulgaris ; Berberis asiatica 
Wallichiana, miccia. 

Cultivated plants : the corn and fruit of Europe ; in the lower parts 
some tropical kinds, as mountain rice . 

1. The highest regions of the Himalaya form perhaps a kingdom by 
itself, or bat a province of the Arctic Alpine kingdom ; Alpine forms are 
'prevalent. 

2 The remaining high mountains and elevated plains of Central Asia are 
in regard to their vegetation unknown to us. 

3. Cochin China and the south of China are not sufficiently examined. 
The forms of this district show the passage of the Japanese Flora to the 
Indian. These countries form either provinces of the two latter kingdoms, 
or make one by themselves. 

IX. POLYNESIAN KINGDOM. 

(Reinicardi's Kingdom.) 

The islands between Hindostan and New Holland to a height of 5,000 
feet above the level of the sea. Mean Temperature, +65.75° to 83.75°. 

Character.— Similar to the Indian kingdom. The principal distinction 
consists in a greater number of Orchidese, (particularly epiphytal, which ap- 
pear under many peculiar forms,) Fillices, and many sorts of figs. A slight 
approximation to the New Holland forms in Melaleuca, Metrosideros. Pro- 
teaceae, (Heliophyllum.) Further characteristic forms are : Licuala, Lodoi- 
cea, Rafflesia, Briigmansia. Stemanurus, Antiaris, Myristica, Nomaphila, 
Hydrophytum, Philagonia, Esenbeckia, Echinocarpus, Aromadendron. 

Predominating trees and shrubs : Primitive woods particularly of Ficus, 
Laurmeae, Calameae, Bignoniaceae, Licuala speciosa, Lodoice, Sechellarum, 
Broussonetia papyrifera, Artocarpus incisa, Antiaris toxicaria, (Bohn Upas,) 
Myristica sp., Ardisa sp., Tectona grandis, Strychnos, Tieute, Diospyros 
Ip.j Barrmgtonia speciosa, excelsa : Philagonia procera, Cissus sp., Calo- 
Nbyllum Inophyllum Elaeocarpus sp., Esenbeckia altissima, Echinocarpus 
Sigun. 

Cultivated plants: The same as in the Indian kingdom, along with 
irtocarpus incisa, Janipha Manihot, Inocarpus edulis, Myristica moschata, 
Lauras Camphora, Carica Papaya; Gossypium arboreum, vitifolium; 
Broussonetia papyrifera, Cannabis sativa. 

X. HIGHLAND JAVANESE KINGDOM. 

(Bltwie's Kingdom.) 

The higher regions (above 5,000 feet) of Java, probably also of the nei^h- 
)ormg islands. Mean Temperature, 



[ 300 ] 96 

Character. — This kingdom is very much like the Himalayan, and pro- 
bably forms with it but one. Extra-tropical forms are in lieu of tropical. 
Oak-woods in lieu of fig-woods. Plantago, Lysimachia, Veronica, Genti- 
ana, Swertia, Vaccinium, Gaultheria, Vireya, "Thibaudia, Bellis, Galium, 
Saprosma. 

Characteristic trees: Podocarpus amarn, imbricata, latifolia, bracteata ; 
Agathis loranthifolia, Quercus sp. 16, Myrica javanica; Castaneajavanica, 
argentea, etc. ; Lithocarpus javensis; Engelhardtia spicata, rigida ; Vibur- 
num sp., Sambucus javanica, Haemospermum arboreum, Mespilus sp. 

XI. OCEANIC KINGDOM. 

( Ch a missel's Kingdom . ) 

All the islands of the South Sea within the tropic. Mean Temperature. 
72.5° to 81.5° Tropical Florida 69.72° to 82.76°. 

Character. — A poor flora, with few peculiarities. More approximation 
to the flora of Asia than to that of Africa ; some relation with that of New 
Holland. (Casuarina, Proteaeeae, Myoporum, Epacrideae, Melaleuca, Aca- 
cias aphyllas.) Schiedea, Antholoma, Aporetica, Crossostylis, Codia, Timo- 
nius, Kadua, Cyathostegia, Argophyllum, Melodinus, Ascarina. 

Predominating trees and shrubs: Dracaena terminalis, Tacca pinnatifida, 
Pandanus odoratissimus, Cocos nucifera,* Corypha umbraculifera, Cupres- 
sus columnaris; Casuarina equisetifolia, nodiflora ; Ficus sp., Artocarpus 
incisa, Aleurites triloba, Embothrium strombilinum, Scaevola Kccnigii, 
Vaccinium cereum, Lobelia arborea, etc. ; Coffea Kaduana, Mariniana ; 
Kadua Cookiana, etc. ; Rhizophora Mangle, gymnorhiza; Terminalia Ca- 
tappa,* Barringtonia speciosa, Melaleuca virgata, etc., Osteomeles anthyllid- 
ifolia, Cassia Sophora, Mimosa Mangium, Adenanthera scandens, Black- 
burnia pinnata, Calophyllum Inophyllum, Clusia sessilis and pedieellata, 
Sapindus Saponaria ; Dodonaea spathulata, viscosa; Aporetica pinnata, 
ternata; Grewia Mallococca; Sterculia Balanghas, faetida; Commersonia 
echinata, Tetracera euryandra. 

Cultivated plants : Artocarpus incisa, Caladium esculentum, (Taro,) sag- 
ittifolium ; Arum macrorhizon, Tacca pinnatifida, Convolvulus chrysor- 
hizus, Dioscorea alata, Cocos nucifera, Musa paradisiaca, Inocarpus edulis, 
Sterculia Balanghas; Ficus aspera, Granatum ; Citrus decumana, Spondias 
dulcis, Mimusops dissecta. Terminalia glabra, Crataeva religiosa, Eugenia 
malaccensis. Dracaena terminalis, Piper methysticum, Areca oleracea, 
Broussonetia papyrifera. 

XII. BALSAM-TREE KINGDOM. 

(Arabian Kingdom. — ForshaVs Kingdom.) 

The southwesterly mountainous part of the Arabian peninsula, Mean 
Temperature 

Character. — Tropical, generally Indian forms. 

Characteristic genera: Stroemia, Mania, Senna, Oncoba, Caucanthus 
Geruma, Balsamodendron, Cadia, Orygia, Simbuleta. Some approxima 
tion to the South African flora, (Stapelia, Haemanthus.) 

* Both are growing at Key West, and Indian Key, South Florida. 



97 [ 300 ] 

Predominating trees and shrubs : Pandanus odoratissimus ; Ficus Syco- 
morus, salicifolia, populifolia, Forskalii , pain .lata, serrata, Sur, Toka; Avi- 
cennia tomentosa, Cyanchum arboreum, Goffea arabica ; Balsamodendron 
gileadense, opobalsamum, Kataf, Kafal ; Celastrus edulis, parviflora ; Ster- 
culia platanifolia, Grewia populifolia ; Mcerua uniflora, racemosa. 

Cultivated plants : Sorghum sp., Hordeumi hexastiehon, Zea Mais, Arum 
Colocasia, Phoenix dactylifera, Musa parad.isiaca, Cocos nucifera, Tamarin- 
dus indica, Ficus Carica, Carica Papaya, F'ersica vulgaris, Armeniaca vulga- 
ris, Prunus domestica, Pyrus Malus, Cydonia vulgaris, Vitis vinifera, Coffea 
arabica, Saccharum officinarum, Zingiber • officinale, Raphanus sativus, Spi- 
nacia oleracea, Cucurbita Pepo, Dolichos sp., Gossypium arboreum, Indigo- 
fera tinctoria.* 

Note. — The Persian flora is not suffic iently known. 

XIII. THE DESEJAT KINGDOM. 

(Delile's Kingdom.) 

North Africa, south of Atlas, and the I Mediterranean sea, between the 15° — 
30° north latitude ; the northern pa rt of Arabia. Mean Temperature, 
7.25° to 86°. 

Character. — A very poor flora. r There are no characteristic orders or 
genera, but the following: Pennisetvam dichotomum, Phoenix dactylifera, 
Cucifera thebaica, Euphorbia maurit anica, JEma, tomentosa ; Acacia nilo- 
tica, arabica, gummifera, Senegal, Cassia obovata, Singueana ; Alhaiga 
Maurorum, Mimosa Habbas, Zizyphi is Pala Christi, Zygophyllum simplex, 
album ; Fagonia arabica, Oudneji. 

Culture only in the oases ; princi pally Phoenix dactylifera, (t) Sorghum 
vulgare, Triticum vulgare, Hordeur n vulgare ; several sorts of fruit proper 
to the south of Europe and India. 

XIV. TROPICAL AFRICAN KINGDOM. 

(Ada?is ot ti's Kingdom.) 

Africa, from the 15° north latirur le to the tropic of Capricorn, but with the 
exception of Abyssinia and the cer ltral highlands, (the interior of Africa and 
the east coast are very incomple tely known.) Mean temperature, 72.5 C 
to 86°. 

Character. — This flora is nei ther rich in sorts nor in peculiar forms. 
Leguminosae, Rubaceee, Cypera ceae, are prevalent ; few Palmae, Filices, 
Scitamineae, Piperaceas, Passiflor eae. 

Characteristic genera: Adans :onia, Melhania, Christiania, Pentadesma, 
Napoleona, Parkia, Hoflandia, T 'honningia. 

Predominating trees and sh: cubs : Annona senegalensis, ect. ; Cadaba 
farinosa, Crataeva Adansonii, Gapparis edulis, Pentadesma butyracea ; Bom- 
bax pentandrum, guineense • Adansonia digitata, Sterculia acuminata, 

* The intermixture of numerous t ropical plants with many vegetables of the temperate or 
variable zone, is an additional encot iragement to the gradual acclimation of tropical plan s 
in all our Southern States. H. p. 

t Introduced by H. P., into tropical I Florida. For other very valuable plants sent by him, and 
now growing there, see the report of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Represen- 
tatives, made on the 17th February, 1 1838, and the accompanying documents. 
7 



[ 300 ] \ 98 

Grewia caipinifolia, Acacia sp., Cassia occidentalis,Pterccarpus esculenttts? 
Parkia africana, Chrysobalanus Icaco,* Conocarpus pubescens. Rhizophora 
sp., Psychotria sp., Bignonia Tulipifera, Avicennia africana, Euphorbia 
frutescent species, Ficus sp., Elais guineensis, Rpahia vinifera, Phcenix 
spinosa, Pandanus candelabrum. 

Cultivated plants : Zea Mais, Oryza sativa ; Sorghum vulgare, sacchar- 
atum ; Panicum sp., (Gussub.;) Dioscoria alata, sativa ; latropha Manihot, 
Caladium esculentum. 

Musa sapientum, Mangifera indica, Carica Papaya,* Bromelia Ananas, 
Elais guineensis, Anacardium occidentale, Ficus sp., Tamarindus indica, 
Citrus sp., Coffea arabica ; Saccharum officinarum, punctatum ; Zingiber 
officinale ; Amomum Cardamomum, Granum Paradisi. 

Phaseolus vulgaris, etc., Dolichos oleraceus, Arachis hypogaea, Solanum 
edule, etc. 

Gossypium sp., Nicotiana sp. 

Note. — The flora of Abyssinia is unknown. 

XV. KINGDOM OF THE CACTUS AND PIPERACEjE, 

(Jacquin's Kingdom.) 

Mexico and South America to the Amazon river, and to a height of 
5,000 feet above the level of the sea, — 30° north latitude. Mean temper- 
ature, 68° to 83.75°. 

Characteristic orders : Bromeliaceae, Piperaeeae, Passifloreae, Cacteas. Nu- 
merous tropical orders : Euphorbiaceas, Convolvulaceas, Apocynese, Rubi- 
aceae. Tropical orders which are here less frequent than in other coun- 
tries within the tropics : Filices, Scitamineas, Orchideae, MyrtaceEe, Legu- 
minosae, Terebinthaceas, Aurantiaceae, Tiliceae, Malvaceae. Extra-tropical 
orders appear or become more numerous : Labiatae. Ericineao, Campanula- 
ceae, Compositae, Umbelliferae, Crassulaceae, Rosaceae, Caryophylleae, Cru- 
ciferae, Ranunculaceae. 

Characteristic genera : Phytelephas, Kunthia, Galactodendrum. Podop- 
terus, Salpianthus, Russellia, Lagascea, Gronovia, Inga, Thouinia, Lace- 
pedia, Theobroma, Guazuma. 

Predominating tree-like plants : Cyatbea speciosa, villosa ; Menisciuro 
arborescens, Agave americana, Yucca acaulis ; Cocos nucifera, butyracea ; 
Mauritia flexuosa. Martinezia caryotifolia, Oreodoxa montana, Kunthia 
montana, Chamaerops Mocini ; Corypha Miraguana, Pumos, tectorum, etc.; 
Liquidambar styraciflua, Cecropia peltata, Galactodendron utile,t Rhopala 
obovata, Avicennia tomentosa, Ehretia ternifolia, Cordia dentata, Cereus 
sp., Melocactus sp., Opuntia sp., Pereskia and Mammillaria sp., Lecythis 
elliptica, etc.; B^rtholletia excelsa, Melastomas arboreseentes ; Bauhinia 
splendens, suaveolens, etc.; HaBmatoxylum campechianum, Caesalpinia 
cassioides, etc.; Acacia cornigera, foetida, etc.; Hymenaea Courbaril, etc.; 
Inga insignis, Humboldtiana, etc.; Mimosa sp., Swietenia Mahagoni, Bon- 
plandia trifoliata. 

Cultivated plants : Zea Mais, Sorghum vulgare, Ianipha Manihot, Dio- 
*corea alata, Convolvulus Batatas. 

* Wild in South Florida. H .P. 
tMilk ree. H. P. 



99 , [ 300 ] 

Mosa paradisiaca, Mangifera indica ; Annona muricata, squamosa ; 
^sidium pomiferum and pyriferum, Cocos nucifera, Carica Papaya, Persea 
gratissima, Bromelia Ananas, Anacardium occidentale, Tamarindus indica, 
'Citrus sp., Passiflora quadrangularis, Yitis vinifera, Opuntia vulgaris, Iam- 
bosa vulgaris, Theobroma Cacao, Vanilla aromatica, Coffea arabica ; Sac- 
charum officinarum, violaceum; Lycopersicum Humboldtii, Capsicum 
frutescens, annuum ; Cajanus flavus, Arachis hypogaea, Opuntia coccinel- 
lifera, Nicotiana sp., Gossypium barbadense, etc. 

XVI. KINGDOM OF THE MEXICAN HIGHLANDS. 

(Bonpland's Kingdom.) 

Mexico, elevated more than 5,000 feet. Mean temperature, 65.75° to 
79.25°. 

Character. — Tropical forms disappear or decrease: Filices arboreae, 
Palmae, Piperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Melastomaceae, Passifloreas. Extra- 
tropical forms appear or become more numerous. Amentaceae, (Salix, 
Quercus,) Coniferae, (Pinus, Cupressus,) Labiatae, (Salvia, Stachys, Mar- 
rubium,) Pedicularis, Anchusa, Myosotis, Polemonium, Ericeae (Vaccini- 
um, Arbutus, Arctostaphylos.) Synanthereae (increasing very much,) Va- 
leriana, Galium, Cornus, Caprifolium, Umbelliferae, Rosaceae, (Amygdalus, 
Mespilus, Rosa, Potentilla,) Caryophylleae, (Arenaria,) Cruciferae, (Draba,) 
Ranunculaceae, (Anemone, Ranunculus.) 

Characteristic genera : Mirabilis, Maurandia, Leucophyllum, Hoitzia 
Georgina, Zinnia, Sckhuria, Ximenesia, Lopezia, Vauquelinia, Choisya, 
Gheirostemon. 

Predominating trees and shrubs: Pinus occidentalis. Abies hertella; 
Cupressus thurifera, sabinoides ; Taxodium distichum, Q,uercus sp. 16 ; 
Salix Bonplandiana, paradoxa, etc. ; Arbutus mollis, petiolaris, etc. ; Arc- 
tostaphylos polifolia, puugens, etc. ; Vaccinium, geminifiorum. stamineum, 
confertum ; Rosa Montezumae, Mespilus pubescens, Amygdalus microphylla, 
Cheirostemon platanoides. 

Cultivated plants : Maize, the European cerealia, and fruits. 

Note. — In the highest mountain-regions the flora lias an alpiue aspect : 
here appear Cyperus toluccensis, Chelone gentianoides, Cnicus nivalis, 
Ageratum arbutifolium, Senecio procumbens, etc., Potentilla ranunculoides ; 
Lupin us elegans, montanus ; Arenaria bryoides. 

XVII. KINGDOM OF THE CINCHONA. 

(Humboldt's Kingdom.) 

The Andes, between 20° south latitude and 5° north latitude, from 5,000 
to 9,000 feet in elevation. Mean Ttrnperatnre., 59° to 68° 

Character. — Extra-tropical forms appear or become more frequeut: 
Gramineae, Amentaceae, (Q^uercus, Salix,) Labiateae, (Salvia, Stachys, Scutel- 
laria,) Anchusa, Myosotis, Swertia, Ericeae, Synanthereae, (very numerous,) 
Caprifoliaceae, (Viburnum, Sambucus,) Umbelliferae, (Ferula, Ligusticum,) 
Roscaeae, Cruciferae Ranunculaceae. On the contrary, some tropical forms 
disappear, or become scarce ; but yet several sorts of Palmae, Piperaceae, 
Cacteae, Passifloreae, Melastomaceae, go to a considerable height. 

Characteristic genera: Lilaea, Cervantesia, Oreocallis, Lachnostoma, 



[ 300 ] % 100 

Gaylussaccia, Stevia, Flaveria, Tagetes, Espeletia, Cinchona, Guilfeminie r 
Loasa, Kageneckia, Negritia, Amicia, Perrottetia, Dulongia, Laplacea, Fre~ 
Freziera, Abatia, Monnina. 

Predominating tree-like plants : Oredoxa frigida, Cereoxylon andicola, 
Podocarpus taxifolia, Salix Humboldtiana ; Q,uercus Humboldtiana, alma- 
guerensis, tomilensis ; Ficus velutina, Rhopala cordifolia, Oreocallis grand- 
iflora ; Persea laevigata, Mutisii, sericea ; Octea mollis, sericea ; Vaccinium 
caracasanum, Andromeda bracamorensis ; Befaria glauca, ledifolia ; Cin- 
chona Condaminea, cordifolia, oblongifolia, etc. | Weinmannia elliptica, Bal- 
bisiana, etc. ; Osteomeles glabrata, Rubus floribundus ; Ilex bumelioides, 
myricoides ; Clusia elliptica. 

Cultivated plants : The tropical cultivated plants mentioned under xv. 
disappear nearly totally. But yet in this kingdom maize and coffee are 
grown : they are joined with the European cerealia and fruits, potatoes^ 
and Chenopodium duinoa. 

XVIII. KINGDOM OF ESCALLONIAS AND CALCEOLARIAS. 

(Ruiz and Pavon's Kingdom.) 

The Andes, between 20° south latitude and 5° north latitude, and more 
than 9,000 feet above the level of the sea. Paramo and Paxonai. Mean 
Temperature, 34.25° to 59°. 

Character.— Tropical forms almost entirely disappear ; but still the fol- 
lowing genera are found : Tillandsia, Oncidium, Peperomia, Rhexia, and 
Passiflora. On the contrary, the forms which characterise the colder and 
polar zone become frequent : Lichenosse, Musci, Carex, Luzula, Alnus, Ru- 
mex. Plantago. Gentiana, Swertia, Vaccinium, Campanula, Cacalia, Senecio 
Umbclliferse, Valeriana, Saxifraga, Ribes, Rubus, Alchemilla, Caryophyl- 
lese, (Sagina, Arenaria, Cerastium, Stellaria,) Cruciferae, Draba, Arabis.) 
Prevalent orders : Synanthereac, Gramineae, Ericeae. 

No large trees. Characteristic genera : Deyeuxia, Tigndia, Gardoquia, 
Calceolaria, Thibaudia, Lysipoma, Barnadesia, Hsemanthus, Chuquiraga, 
Culcitium, Wernera, Dumerilia, Escallonia, Pectophytum, Klaprothia, Pol- 

ylepis. . 

Predominating shrubs: Alnus ferruginea, acuminata; Vaccinium acu- 
minatum, empetrifblium, floribundum, etc. ; Thibaudia rupestris, flonbun- 
da, longifolia, strobilifera ; Befaria grandiflora, and coarctata ; Ribes frigi- 
dum ; Escallonia myrtilloides, tortuosa, Tubar, berbendifoha ; Ilex scopu- 
lorum, Drymis granatensis. 

XIX. WEST INDIAN KINGDOM. 

(Swart z's Kingdom.) 

The West-Indian Islands. Mean Temperature, 59° to 79.25°. 

Character.— The flora of this group of islands approaches that of the 
continent, but is chiefly distinguished (as the flora of Polynesia is from the 
Indian) by the great quantity of Filices and Orchidese.* Besides these or- 
ders, the following genera belong to the characteristic forms : Thrynax, 
Epistylium, Alchornea, Tanaecium, Tetranthus, Catesbaea, Belonia, Port- 
landia, Picramnia, Legnotis, Lithophila, Valentinia, Hypelate. 

* Abound on the Florida Islets, H. P 



101 [300] 

Among the predominating woody plants, merit to be mentioned, Cocos 
nucifera, Pinus occidentals, Laurus sp., Melastoma sp., Myrtus sp. Uva- 
da sp. 

The cultivated plants are the same as in XV. 

XX. KINGDOM OF PALMS AND MELASTOM.E. 

(Martius's Kingdo?n.) 

Brazil, or South America on the east of the Andes, between the equator 
and the tropic of Capricorn. Mean Temperature, 59° to 83.7°. 

Character. — It is probably this part of the surface of the earth in which 
the vegetable kingdom shows itself in the greatest abundance and variety. 
Especially remarkable for richness in genera and species, size of individuals, 
impenetrable woods, numerous climbing and parasitical plants. As charac- 
teristic though not peculiar orders, may be mentioned Palmse, Heemodora- 
ceae, Gesnerieae, Melastomaceae, Sapindaceae ; the order Vochyaceae is pe- 
culiar. Of peculiar genera there are too many to enumerate; among the 
most remarkable are Vellosia, Barbacenia, Manihot, Franciscea, Ditassa, 
Lychnophora, Diplusodon, Kielmeyera, Sauvagesia, Lavradia. 

Characteristic genera and species, according to their different localities : 
In the primitive woods, Palmarum, genera varia: Thoa, Ficus, Cecropia, 
Anda, Rhopala, Myristica, Bignonia, Theophrasta, Stiftia, Oxyanthus, Cou- 
tarea, Psycotria, Bertiera, Feuillea, Cariea, Myrtus, Gustavia, Lecythis, 
Bertholletia, Melastoma, Hymenaea, Dimorpha, Trattininkia, Pilocarpus, 
Triehilia, Cedrela, Cupania, Bannisteria, Hippocratea, Caryocar, Marcgra- 
via, Clusia, Colophyllum, Sloanea, Gothea. Lebretonia, Abroma, Carolinea, 
Bixa, Uvaria. 

In the Catingas, (deciduous woods:) Iathropa sp., Acacia sp., Mimosa sp., 
Cassalpinia pubesccns etc., Spondias tuberosa, Thryallis brasiliensis, Cho- 
risia ventricosa, Bombax sp., Eriodendron sp., Pourretia ventricosa, Cappa- 
ris lineata, etc., Anona obtusifolia, etc. 

In the open bushy plains, (campos,) Pauiceae, Amaryllis, Alstroemeria, 
Vellosia, Barbacenia, Burmannia, Stelis, Cnemidostachys, Rhopala, Laurus, 
Ocotea, Gomphrena, Lantana, Echites, Hancornia speciosa, Gesneria, 
Lychnophora, Bacharris, Vernonia, Mikania, Stevia, Melastoma, Rhexia, 
Terminalia fagifolia, Gaudichaudia, Sauvasfesia, Davradia, Plectranthera. 

On the sea coast : Cocos schizophylla, Diplothemium maritimum, Erio- 
cauion sp., Xyris sp., Avicennia tomentosa, Rizophora Mangle, Conocarpus 
erectus. Laguncularia racemosa, Bucida Buceras. 

The cultivated plants are nearly the same as in fifteen. Thea chinensis. 

XXI. KINGDOM OP WOODY COMPOSITE. 

(St. Hilairds Kingdom.) 

South America on the east of the Andes from the tropic of Capricorn to 
40° south latitude. Mean Temperature, 59° to 74.75°. 

Character. — Tropical forms decrease or disappear, extra-tropical, particu- 
larly European, take their places : llanuuculaceas, Cruciferas, Helianthe- 
mum, Caryophylleae, Lathyrus, Galium, Teucrium, Plantago, Carex ; some 
South African : Polygala, Oxalis, Gnaphalium. More than half of the 
genera are common to this kingdom and Europe. Many compositas, 



[ 300 ] 102 

among them many woody ones. Larrea, Hostia, Diposis, Boopis, Acicar- 
pha, Cortesia, Petunia, Iaborosa, Tricyla, Caperonia, Bipinnula. 

Generally naked plains, (pampas,) where grasses and thistles are predom- 
inating. 

Cultivated plants: the most European are wheat and vine. The peach 
tree is very much dispersed. 

Note. — The Chilian flora is not sufficiently known, and the indications of 
heights are wanting. Probably several kingdoms are to be distinguished 
here. Perhaps the highest regions belong to kingdom XVIII. 

XXII. ANTARCTIC KINGDOM. 

( Ur villa's Kingdom.) 

The south-westerly part of Patagonia ; Tierro del Fuego, and the Falk- 
land Islands, between 50° and 55° south latitude. Mean Temper 'o.ture,Al° to 
47.75°. 

Character. — Great resemblance with the North European flora. (Kingdom 
II.) Tropical forms entirely disappear. Prevalent orders : Synanthereae, 
Gramineae, Cariceae, Musci, Lichenosse. Frequent also are Ranuneulaceae,. 
Cruciferae. Caryophylleae, Rosaceae, Umbelliferae : two-thirds of the genera 
are found in Europe. A slight approximation to South Africa: Gladiolus, 
Witsenia, Galaxia, Crassula ; and to New Holland : Embothrium, Ourisia, 
Stylideas, Mniarum. Characteristic genera : Gaimardia, Astelia, Callixene, 
Philesia, Drapetes, Bcea, Calceolaria, Pernettia, Oligosporus, Nassavia, Bo- 
lax, Azorella, Donatia, Acaena, Hamadryas. 

Predominating tree-like plants: Fagus antarctica, Salix magellanica r 
Embothrium coccineum ; Pernettia empetrifolia, mucronata; Andromeda 
Myrsinites, Baccharis tridentata, Chiliotrichum amelloides, Ribes magellani- 
cum, Escallonia serrata, Fuchsia coccinea, Myrtus nummularia; Berberis 
ilicifolia, inermis, microphylla, empetrifolia ; Drymis Winteri. 

No culture. 

XXIII. KINGDOM OF STAPEMAS AND MESEMBRYANTHEMUMS. 

( TJtunberg's Kingdom.) 

South Africa, from the tropic to 35° south latitude. Mean Tempera- 
ture, 35.5° to 72.5°. 

Character. — The flora is very rich in forms, but by no means luxuriant ; 
there are no large thick woods, nor any climbers ; but many succulent plants. 
Characteristic orders : Restiaceas, Irideae, Proteaceae, Ericaceae, Ficoideae, 
Bruniaceae, Diosmeae Geranieae, Oxalideas, Polygaleae. Genera: Reslio, Ixia,. 
Gladiolus, Moraea, Watsonia. Haemanthus, Strumaria, Agapanthus, Eucomis, 
Massonia, Strelitzia, Aphyteia, Passerina, Gnidia, Protea, Leucadendron. 
Leucospermum, Serruria, et Proteacearum pi. genera, Stilbe, Selago, Sta- 
pelia. Erica. Gnaphalium, Elichrysum, Stobaea, Pteronia, Osteospermum. 
Tarchonanthus, Relhania, Gorteria, Arctotis, Othonna, Stosbe. (Edera, 
Anthospermum, Mesembryanthemum, Vahlia, Liparia, Borbonia, Lebeckia, 
Raffnia, Aspalathus, Staavia, Brunia,PhyIica, Diosma, Pelargonium, Oxalis, 
Sparmannia, Muraltia, Polygala, Penaea. 

Prevailing forms. On the sandy coasts : Stapelia, Irideae, Mesembryan- 



103 [ 300 ] 

themum, Restio, Diosma. On the mountains : Proteaceae, Erica, Crassula. 
In the dry high -plains (karro): Acacia capensis, GirafTa, detinens, viridi- 
ramis; Euphrobia mauritanica, tenax; Poa spinosa, Mesembryanthemum 
sp., Aloe, Irideae, but not any Proteaceae, Erica. Diosmese, Restio. 

Some other remarkable species : Hgemanthus coccineus, Amaryllis toxi- 
caria, Testudinaria montana and Elephantopus, Podocarpus elongatus, 
Salix Gariepina ; Protea mellifera grandiflora ; Leucadendron argenteum. 
Laurus bullata, Lycium tetrandrum, Olea similis, Rhigozum trichotomum, 
Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Stcebe Rhinocerotis, Crassula coccinea, Portu- 
lacaria afra; Mesembryanthemum edule, turbiniforme; Metrosideros an- 
gustifolia, Acacia elephantina, Zizyphus bubalina, Calodendron capense. 

Cultivated plants : the European cerealia, fruits and vegetables ; also, 
Sorghum caffrorum, Convolvulus Batatas, Musa paradisiaca, Tamrindus 
indica, Psidium pomiferum, Citrus decumana, 

XXIV. KINGDOM OF EUCALYPTI AND EPACRIDE^E. 

(R. Brow?i , s Kingdom?) 

Extra-tropical New Holland, and Van Diemen's Land. Mean Temper- 
ature, + 52.25° to + 72.5°. 

Character. — One of the richest and most peculiar floras ; although with- 
out any considerable abundance of vegetation. The characteristic orders 
and genera are : Xerotes, XanthorrhoBa,Pterostylis,Casuarinea3,Leptomeria, 
Pimelea, Proteaceae (Banksia, Hakea, Persoonia, Grevillea, Petraphila, lsopo- 
gon, Dryandra), Myoporineae, Westringia, Logania, Mitrasacme, Epacrideee, 
(Epacris, Leucopogon, Styphelia,) Stackhouseae, Scaevoleae, Goodenovieae, 
Stylideae, Eucalyptus, Melaleuca, Leptospermum, Acacias aphyllae, Platy- 
lobium, Bossiaea Dinsmeae, (Boronia, Zieria,) Pittosporeae, Tremandreae, 
Pleurandra, Hibbertia. 

Predominating trees and shrubs: Three fourths of the woods are formed 
of species of Eucalyptus, whose number exceeds a hundred. Next to them, 
the Proteaceae, Epacrideee, Diosmeas, Casuarineae, Acacias aphyllae, form 
woods and bushes. Of Coniferae, Araucaria excelsa, Podocarpus spinulosus, 
are found. 

Cultivated plants: The European cerealia and fruits. 

Note. — Tropical New Holland is not sufficiently examined ; its flora is 
less peculiar, and perhaps but a province of the Polynesian kingdom (ix.) 

XXV. NEW ZEALAND KINGDOM. 

(For sterns Kingdom.) 

The two New Zealand islands. Mean temperature, temperate. 

Character.— Tropical forms disappear, or appear very sparingly. 1 ' One- 
half of the genera are European. Approximation to New Holland ; Pimelea, 
Myoporum, Epacris, Styphelia, Cassinia, Melaleuca : to South Africa ; Res- 
tio, Gnaphalium, Xeranthemum, Tetragonia, Mesembryanthemum, Oxalis: 

* Tropical plains are sufficiently abundant to warrant the human certainty, that the Flax 
lily can be propagated in Florida and the Southern States. In Charleston, S. C., it flourishes 
in the open air ; and why not, as well as its countryman the Paper Mulberry'? 



[ 300 ] 104 

to the Arctic kingdom; Mniarum, Fuchsia, Acsena, Drymis, a great many 
Filices; Phormium, Penuantie, Knightia, Forstera, Shavia, Griselina, Meli- 
cope, Dicera, Plagianthus, Melictus. 

Characteristic species:, Cyathea medullaris, Gleichenia furcata, Dracsena 
indivisa, australis ; Phormium tenax, Areca, sapida, Knightia excelsa, 
Avicennia resinifera, Andromeda rupestris, Epacris juniperina etc., Wein- 
mannia racemosa, Tetragonia expansa, Fuchsia excorticata, Melaleuca sp.; 
Dicera dentata, serrata. 

Cultivated plants: Caladium esculentum, Convolvulus chrysorhizus, 
Phormium tenax, Broussonetia papyrifera. (Acclimated in the United 
States.) 

This is obviously an imperfect sketch, and has many faults; but it is upon the whole the best 
general view that has been taken of the subject, and has the advantage of showing the student 
in what way to turn his attention to the inquiry. 

In concluding this important and very interesting subject, I must refer the reader who is de- 
sirous of further information to the writings of Brown in the appendix to Captain Pluuder's 
voyages, and Tuekey's expedition to the Congo, to Decandolle's Essay upoa the Geography of 
Plants, published in the 18th vol. of the Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles; to the numerous 
writings of Humboldt ; to the observations upon the subject by Schouw, as translated in Brews- 
ter's Edinburgh Journal, and to Boyle's most instructive work on the flora of the noith of In- 
dia and Cashmere. 



105 



[ 300 ] 



INDEX 

OF OFFICINAL AND (ECONOMICAL PLANTS, MENTIONED IN THE NATURAL 

SYSTEM OF BOTANY OF J. LINDLEY, 2d EDITION, 1835, WITH SOME 

ADDITIONS INSERTED RY DOCTOR H. PERRINE. 



* The asterisk prefixed to names indicates indigenous plants of tropical Florida. 

t The cross prefixed to names indicates that those plants are growing in tropical Florida ; 
but does not decide whether they be acclimated or indigenous. 

P The P affixed to names indicates the seeds or plants sent by H. Perrine to tropical Flori- 
da, but of a very small number compared with the whole. When the P is affixed to any 
name with a * or + prefixed, it shows that H. P. also sent or carried the same kind of seeds 
and plants to tropical Florida with the hope that they might be superior varieties. 



Abaca 

Abelmoschus moschatus, 96 
Abies pectinata, 316 
balsamea, 316 
canadensis, 316 

Douglasii, 315 

nigra, 316 
Abricot sauvage, 47 
Abroma augustum. 94 
Abronia, 214 

* Abrus precatorius, 152, 153, P 
Abuta amara, 215 

candicans, 215 
Abutilon esculentum, 96 
Acacia arabica, 154, 155 

nilotica, 154, 155 

Catechu, 155 

scandens, 155 

senegalensis, 155 

decurrens, 154 

farnesiana, 154 

Verek, 154 

Seyal, 154 

speciosa, 154, 155 

Kalkera, 155 

elata, 155 

xylocarpa, 155 

Sundra, 155 

odoratissima, 155 

stipulacea, 155 

cinerea, 155 

concinna, 155 

iuliflora, 155 

ferrnginea, 1 55 

leucophcea, 155 



Acalypha Cupameni, 114 
Acanthus mollis, 285 
Acer saccharinum, 81 
Achillea, 253 
Achillea nana, 254 
Achras Sapota, 226, P 
t Achras Sapodilla, P 
Achras mammosa, 226, P 
Acid, benzoic, 254 

kinic, 244 
Acoita cavallos, 99 
Aconitum Cammarum. 6 
Napellus, 6 
ferox, 6 
Acorus Calamus, 309, 364, 365 
Acrostichum Huaczaro, 400 
Actasa racemosa, 6 
Adansonia, 94 
Adenanthera pavonina, 154 
Adiantum melanocaulon, 400 
pedatum, 400 
Capillus Veneris, 400 
Adonis, 6 
iEcidium, 423 
JEchynomene paludosa 
Mg\e Marmelos, 106 
iEthusa Cynapium. 23 
Agaric of the olive, 422 
Agaricus campestris, 422 
bulbosus, 422 
cordatum 
Agave — many species 

iSisalana, P 

Pulque, P 

Mezcal 



[300] 



106 



Agila wood, 197 
Agrimonia Eupatoria, 144 
Airi, 346 
Akund, 305 

Alangium decapetalum, 39 
hexapetalum, 39 
Alaria esculenta, 434 
Alcamphora, 114 
Alchemilla vulgaris, 148 
Alectoria jubata, 429 

usneodes, 429 
Aleurites ambinux, 114 

triloba 
Aletris farinosa, 353 
AlgEe, 434 
Algaroba, 154 

bean, 154 
Alhagi Maurorum, 152 
Alisma Plantago, 356 
Alkanet, 274 

Allamanda cathartica, 300 
Allecrim brabo, 78 
Almond, 147 
Aloe, 353 

Barbadensis 
ISocotarina 
spicata, 353 
perfoliata, 353 
Aloes wood, 197 
Aloexylum Agallochum, 154 
Alpinia nutans, 323 

racemosa, 323 
Galanga, 323 
Alstonia theiformis, 22S 
Alstromeria salsilla, 329 
pallida, 329 
Alstromeria peregrina 
edulis 
revoluta 
Ugtu 
latifolia 
Althaea rosea, 96 

officinalis, 96 
Althein, 96 
Alum root, 138, 163 
Amadou, 424 
Amanita muscaria, 422 
Amaranthus obtusifolius, 208 
Amaryllis ornata, 329 
American Gummi Gutta, 78 
Amomum aromaticum, 323 

Gran a Paradisi, 324 



Amomum maximum, 324 
Amygdalus persica, 147 
Amyris Commiphora, 165 
hexandra, 165 
toxifera, 165 
ambrosiaca, 165 
Anagallis arvensis, 223, 224 

coerulea, 224 
Anacardium occidentale, 167 
Anagyris, foetida, 153 
Ananas, 334 
Anchietea salutaris, 64 
Anchusa virginica, 274 
tinctoria, 274 
Anda, 113, 114 
Andromeda ovalifolia, 221 

arborea 
Andropogon Schoenanthus, 377 
citratum, 377 
Nardus, 377 
Angiopteris evecta, 400 
Angostura bark, 132 
Anise, 22 
Anisochilus, 276 

* Anona palustris, 19 

laurifolia, 22 

sylvatica, 19 

squamosa, 18 
Anona squamosa, • P 

muricata. P 

cherimoyer , P 
Anthemis Pyrethrum, 253 

Cotula, 253 
Anthericum bicolor, 353 
Anthoxanthum odoratum, 377 
Anthyllis cretica, 153 
Antirhea, 244 

* Apios, 152 

tuberosa 
Apple, 146 
Apteria setacea, 331 
Aquilaria Agallochum, 197 

ovata, 197 
Aquilegia, 6 
Arabis chinensis, 59 

* Arachis hypogosa 
Aralia nudicaulis, 25 
Arar tree, 316 
Araticu do Mato, 19 
Araucaria Dombeyi, 316 
Arayana, 282 
Arbutus Uneclo, 221 



107 



[ 300 ] 



Arbre a perm que, 167 

Archill, 429 

Arctostaphylos Uva Ursi, 220 

alpina, 220 
Arctium Bardana, 254 
Areca Catechu, 345, (ohrciea, 170 
feet !) 
Nut, 345 
Argemone mexicana, 8 
Aristolochia rotunda, 206 
longa, 206 
Clematitis, 206 
bracteata, 206 
indica, 206 
odoratissima, 206 
fragrantissima, 206 
anguicida 

serpentaria, 184, 206 
trilobata, 206 
grandiflora, 206 
Arnica, 253 
Arnotto Tribe, 73 
Shrub, P 
Arracacha, 22, 140 
Arraciesculaenta 
t Arrow-root, 332, P 
Artabotrys odoratissima, 18 
Artemisia chinensis, 253 

maderaspatana, 253 
indica, 253 
Dracunculus, 254 
Artichoke, 254 

Jerusalem, 254 
Arum ovatum, 364 

esculentum, 364, P 
triphyllum, 364 
Colocasia, 364 
mucronatum, 364 
violaceum, 364 
maculatum, 364 
sagittifolium, 364, P 
cordifolium, 364 
italicum, 364 
Arundo arenaria, 377 
nitida 
donax 
phragmiiis 
Arvore de Paina, 94 
Asarabacca, 206 
Asarum canadense, 206 
europaeum, 206 
Asclepias decumbens, 304 



Asclepias lactifera, 304 

aphylla, 304 

stipitacea, 304 

volubilis, 304 

tuberosa, 304 

curassavica, 305 
Ash, 308 

Asimina triloba, 19 
Asparagin, 96 
Asparagus, 210, 353 
Asperula cynanchica, 250 

odorata, 250 
Aspidium fragrans, 400 

Filix mas, 400 
Assafceiida, 23 
Astragalus verus, 153 
Astranthus, 79 
Ativisha, 6 

Atriplex hortensis, 208, 209 
Atropa Belladonna, 294 
Attar of Roses, 144 
Attedia squamata ] 

Augia, 167 
Avellana, 200 
Averrhoa, 140 

Bilimbi, 140 

Carambola 

* Avicennia tomentosa 
Azalea procumbens, 220 

pontica, 221 

Bactris acanthocarpos 
Balanites iEgyptiaca, 33 
Balm of Gilead, 111, 316 
Balsam, Canadian, 316 

Hungarian, 316 

Carpathian, 316 

of Copaiva, 104, 111,165 

of Acouchi. Ill 

of Mecca, 111 

of Peru, 104, 165 

of Gilead, 276 

of Tolu, 165 

of Umiri, 104 
Balsamodendrum gileadense, 111 
Myrrha, 111 
Opobalsamum,lll 

* Bamboo, 377 
Banana, 327 
Banyan tree, 94, 177 
Baobab, 94 
Bophia, 153 



[ 300 ] 



108 



Baptisia tinctoria, 153 

Barbadoes aloes, 353 

Barilla, 177 

Barley, 376 

Basella, 298 

rabra alba 

Basil, 276 

Bassia butyracea, 226 
butter 
longifolia, 226 

Bassorin, 339 

Batis, L77 

Bauhinia tomentosa, 154 
variegata, 154 
racemosa, 154 
retusa, 154 
emarginata, 154 
parviflora, 154 

Bdellium, 165 

Beam tree, 146 

Bean, 152 

Beans, 153 

Beech, 170 

Beer, 429 

Beet, 208 

Bejuca de la Estrella, 206 

Belleric Myrobalan, 38 

Bencao de Deos, 96 

Benincasa cerifera, 52 

Ben-nuts, 66 

Benthamia, 49 

Benzoin, 39, 228 

Benaorellana. P 

Berberis vulgaris, 30 

Berberry, 30 

Berchemia volubilis, 108 

Bergera Konigii, 106 

Berrya ammonilla, 99 

Betel, 186, 278 

Betel nut, 345 

Bidens tripartita, 253 

Bignonia Chica, 282 
Cherere, 282 

Bikh. or Bish, 6 

Bilberry, 222 

Billardiera, 32 

Biophvtum, 140 

Birch,"black, 171 

Birdlime, 300 

Bishma, or Bikhma, 6 

Bistortiamontana 

Blackberry, 144 



Black tea, 147 
Bladder green, 108 
Blakea triplinervia, 42 
Bletia verecundia, 339 
Blighia sapida, 82 
Bobas, 133 
Boisde Joli coeur, 32 
puant, 46 
d'huile, 123 
Boldu, 189 
Boletus igniarius, 424 
Bombax, 94 

Ceiba, P 

pentandrum, 94, P 
Boneset, 253 

Bonplandia trifoliata, 132 
Borago officinalis, 274 
Borassus Gomutus 
Borrera furfuracea, 429 
Boswellia serrata, 111 
glabra, 111 
Box, 113 

Brayera anthelmintica, 144 
Brazilian tea, 278 
Brazil nuts, 47 
Brazil wood, 154 
Braziletto wood, 152 
Bread Fruit 
Brejeuba, 346 
Bridelia spinosa, 114 
Bromelia, 334 

Pita, P 
variegata 
sagenaria 
Grawatha 
Broom, 152 

Brosimum alicastrum, 177 
BrosscRa coccinea, 220 
Broussonetia papyrifera, 177 
Brucea, 136 

ferruginea, 133 

sumatrana, 136 

antidysenterica, 136 
Brucia, 136 
Bryonia rostrata, 52 

co rdi folia, 52 

epigsea, 52 

scabra, 52 
Bucida Buceras, 38 
Buckwheat, 211 
Bucku plants, 132 
Bukkum wood, 154 



109 



[ 300 ] 



Buena hexandra, 244 
Bun iu m Bulbocastanum, 22 
Burabara, 295 
Burnet, 148 

* Bur sera gummifora 
Bursera paniculata, ill 

acuminata, 111 

Butea frondosa, 152, 153 
superba, 152, 153 

Butter tree, 226, 76 
of Africa 
of India 

Butterfly weed, 304 

Butua do curvo, 80 

Caapim de Angola, 378 

Cabbage, 59 

Cabuya 

Cacalia sonchifolia, 253 
alpina, 253 
sarracenica. 253 

Cachen, 297 

Cactus coccenilifer, P 

C. Pitahaya 

* Cactus, 5 species 
Caesalpinia braziliensis, 154 

Bonduccella, 154 
sappan, 154 
oleosperma, 154 

Caffein, 245 

Cajanus, 152 

Cajeputi Oil, 45 

Caladiurn Seguinum, 364 

Calamus Draco, 346 

Calathea, 326 

Calceolaria, 291 

Calendula, 253 

Callicarpa lanata, 278 

Calaba, 75 

Calophyllum angustifolium, 75 
inophyllum, 75 

Calotropis gigantea, 305 

Calumbo root, 52, 215, 297 

Calyptranthusaromatica, 45 

Cambaibinha, 20 

Camellia oleifera, 80 
japonica, 80 

Camomile, 253 

Campanula Rapunculus, 238 

Camphor, 201, 276 

Camphor oil, 98 

Camphor Tree, 98 
Carta brava 

Canarina campanula, 238 



Canarium commune, 111 

Cannabis sativa, 176 

Canna, 326 

Caoutchouc, 113, 116, 176, 177, 

300, 305 
Caper, 61 
Capillaire, 400 
Capitao do Matto, 27S 
Capparis pulcherrima, 61 
Capsicum var, species P 
Capsicum, 294 
Carapa obovata, 102 
Caraway, 22 
Carbazotic acid, 153 
Cardamom of Malabar, 323 
Cardamoms, 323 
Cardiospermum halicacabum, 82 
Cardo santo, 8 
Cardoon, 254 
Carduus benedictus, 254 

Marian us, 254 
Carex arenaria, 385 
disticha, 385 
hirta, 385 
* Carica papaya, P 
Carissa carandas, 301 

edulis, 301 
Carlina acanthifblia, 254 
Carob Tree, 154 
Carrot, 22 

Carthamus linctorius, 254 
Caruata 
Carya alba, 180 
Caryophyllus aromaticus, 45 
Casca d'Anta, 17 

de larangeira da terra, 133 
Cascarilla, 114 
Casearia lingua, 65 

ulmifolia, 65 
Cashew Nut, 167, P 
Cassava, 115, 294, P 
Cassia, 201 

obovata elongata 
marilandica, 154 
acutifolia, 153 
Senna, 153 
lanceolata, 153 
Sabak, 155 
auriculata, 154 
Cassuvium occidentale, 167 
Castilloa elastica, 177 
Catasetum, 339 
Cataya, 211 



[ 300 J 



110 



Catechu. 155, 346 
Cathartine, 153 
Cathartocarpus Fistula, 154, P 
Caturus spiciflorus, 113, 114 
Ceanothus amcricanus, 108 
Cecropia peltata, 176 
Cedar, 315 
Cedar Virginian, 315 
Cedrela, 102, 103, 
odorata, P 
angustifolia, 104 
febrifuga, 103 
Toona, 103 
Celastrus edulis, 119 
nutans, 119 
Celery, 22 

Cenomyce pyxidata, 429 
coccifera, 429 
rangiferina, 429 
Centaurea calcitrapa, 254 
Cephaelis Ipecacuanha, 244 
Cerasus occidentalis, 147 
virginiana, 147 
Capollim, 147 
capricida, 147 
avium, 147 
Ceratonia Siliqua, 154 
Cerbera Manghas, 300 
Tanghin, 300 
Circis, 152 

Ceroxylon andicola, 346, (180 ft.) 
Cetraria islandica, 429 

nivalis, 429 
Cha de frade, 65 

pedestre, 278 
Chagas da Miuda, 140 
Chailletia toxicaria, 109 
Champ, 16 

Chapara Manteca, 122 
Chard Beet, 208 
Chenopodium Botrys, 209 
vulvaria, 209 
ambrosiodes, 209 
Quinoa, 209 
Chenopodium anthelminticum, qui- 

noa, 209 
Cherimoyer, 19, P 
Cheris, 176 
Cherry, 147 
Chica, 282 
Chicha, 94 
Chicoriuniintybub 



Chicot, 66 

Chimaphila umbellata, 219 
maculata, 219 

China, 244 

Chinese Varnish, 115 

Chinese Tea, 278 

Chiococca anguifuga, 244 
densifolia, 244 

Chin-chon, 435 

Chinioidia, 244 

Chive, 353 

Chlora perfoliata, 297 

Chloranthus officinalis, 184 

Chloroxylon Swietenia, 104 
Dupada, 316 

Choco, 52 

Chocolate, 94, 342 

Chondrus crispus, 435 

Choopa, 82 

Chorda filum, 435 

Chorisia speciosa, 94 

*Chrysobalanus Icaco, 159, P 
luteus, 159 

Chrysophyllum caimito, P 

ovaliforrne, P 

Chumbeiee, 309 

Chymocarpus, 140 

Cicca disticha, 113, 114 
tracemosa, 114 

Cicer arietinum, 19 

Cicuta virosa, 23 

Cinchona, 46, 144, 244 

Cinchona Forest, 244 

Cinchonia, 244 

Cinnamon, 201 

Cissampelos obtecta, 216 
ovalifolia, 215 
ebracteata, 215 
Pareira, 215 

Cissus cordata, 31 
setosa, 31 

Cistus creticus, 91 

Citron, 105 

Claytonia perfoliata, 124 

Clematis recta, 6 

Flammula, 6 

Cleome dodecandra, 91 
icosandra, 61 

Clitoria, 152 

ternatea, 153 

Clover, 152 

Cloves, 45 



Ill 



[ 300 } 



Cloves cobaldscandens 
Clusia insignis, 75 
Cluytia collina, 144 
Coca leaf. 123 
Cocallera, 114 
*Coccoloba uvifera, 211 
Cocculus cinerascens, 215 
suberosus, 215 
indicus, 216, 245 
platyphyllus, 215 
peltatus, 215 
Cochineal cactus, P 
Cocculus crispus, 215 

Fibraurea, 215 
Bakis, 215 
Cebatha, 216 
Cochlospermum insigne, 80 

Gossypium. 80 
tinctorium, 80 
Codarium entifolium 
Cocoa, 94 
•Cocoa Nut, 345 
*Cocoa plum, 159 
Cocoa root, 364, P 
Cocos maldivica, 301 
Codiseum variegatum, 114 
Coentrilho, 136 
Coffea, 245, 333 
Coffee arabica, 245, P 
Coir-rope, 345 
Colchicum, 348 
Colocynth gourd, 52 
Colycynthin, 52 
Colu tea arborescens, 152 
Combretum alternifolium, 39 
Comocladia, 157 
Commia, 113 

cochinchinensis, 114 
Comptonia asplenifolia, 180 
Conessi bark, 300 
Conium maculatum, 23, moschatwn 
Conocarpus racemosa, 38 
Conohoria Lobolobo. 63 
Convolvulus Jalapa, 231 

Scammonia, 231 
Turpethum, 231 
mechoacanus, 231 
septum, 231 
arvensis, 231 
Soldanella, 231 
macrorhizus, 231 
maritimus, 231 



Convolvulus rnacrocarpus, 231 
ponduratus, 231 
rosewood 
nor id i bus, 231 
scoparius, 231 
dissectus, 231 
Batatus, 231 
edulis, 231 
Conyza, 253 
Cookia punctata, 105 
*Coontie chatta 
*Coontie adka 
Copaifera, 165 

multijuga, 165 
Copaiva, 104 
Copal, 98,154 . 
Coptis trifolia, 6 
Corchorus olitorius, 99 
capsularis, 99 
siliqiiosus, P 
Cordia Myxa, 273 

tSebestena, 273, P 
Coreopsis Bidens, 253 
Coriander, 22 
Coriaria myrtifolia, 141 
napalensis, 141 
Cork, 170 
Cork barks 
Cork woods 
Cork roots 
Corn, 376 
Cornus mascula, 49 
florida, 49 
sericea, 49 
Coronilla picta, 153 
varia, 153 
Emerus, 152 
Coronilla seeds, 153 
Corsican moss, 435 
Corydalin, 10 
Corydalis tuberosa, 10 
Corypha tectorum 
inermus 
Cotton, 96 
Cotton Tree, 94 
Cotton vine, P 
Cotton Thedpey seed, V 
Cotton nankin, P 
Coumarouma odorata, 153 
Coumarin, 153 
Couroupita guianensis, 47 
Coutarea speciosa, 244 



[ 300 ] 



112 



Coutoubea alba, 297 

purpurea, 297 
Cowhage, 152 
Cow-plant of Ceylon, 301 
Cowslip, 223 
Cow Tree, 177, 226 
Cow tree of Brazil 
Cranberry, 222 
Cranberry Australian, 222 
Cratseva gynandra, 61 
Cream fruit, 301 
Crescentia cujete, P 

cucurbita, P 
pepino, P 
Cress, 59 
Creyat, 285 
Crocus sativus, 333 
Crotalaria juncea, 152 
Croton Cascarilla, 113 
Tiglium, 113 
Eluteria, 114 
perdicipes, 114 
campestris, 114 
tinctorium, 114 
gratissimum, 114 
Crozophora tinctoria, 114 
Cruciferge, 59 
Cubebs, 186 
Cucumber, 52 
Cucumber, spirting, 52 
Cucumis Colocynthis, 52 
Cudbear, 429 
Cunila mariana, 276 
Curatella Cambaiba, 20 
Curcuma angustifolia, 324 
longa, 324 
Zedoaria, 323 
Zerumbet, 323 
Roscoeana, 323 
Currant, 26 
Cusparia febrifuga, 133 
t Custard Apple, 19 
Cyathea medullaris, 400 
Cycas circinalis, 313 
Cyclamen, 223 

Cynanchum Argel, 153, 300, 305 
tomentosum, 304 
ovalifolium, 305 
Cynara Scolymus, 254 
Cynodon Dactylon, 377 
Cynomorium, 394 
Cynopia, 23 



Cynosurus cristatus, 37S 
Cyperus longus, 385 

rotundus, 385 

perennis, 385 

odoratus, 385 

Hydra, 385 

Papyrus, 385 
Cyrtopodium, 339 
Cytinus, 393 
Cytisine, 152 
Cytissus, 152, 153 

cajan 

Dacha, 176 

Dacrydium taxifolium, 317 

Dalbergia, 153 

monetaria, 152 
Dammar, 316 

Pine, 316 
Dammara australis, 315 
Daoun Setan, 176 
Daphne Laureola, 195 
D. cannabinis 
Gnidium, 195 
. Bholua, 195 
Date, 345, P 
Datisca, 180 

Datura Stramonium, 294 
Davilla rugosa, 20 
elliptica, 20 
Deal, 315 
Dioscorea sativa 
alata 
bulbifera 
aculeata 
pentaphylla 
brasilientis 
Delphine, 6 
Delphinium consolida, 6 

Staphysagria, 6 
Dendrobium pieradii ? 
Desmodium diffusum, 152 
Devil's leaf, 176 
Dhaee, 100 
Dhamnoo, 99 
Dhoona, 98 

Dhoona or dammer pitch, 98 
Dhoonatil, 98 
Dictamnus, 133 
Digitalis, 291 
Dilatris tinctoria, 330 



113 



[ 300 J 



Dill, 22 
Uillisk, 434 
Dillenia scabrella, 20 
speciosa, 20 
Diosma, 132 

Diospyrus virginiana, 227 
Ebenus, 227 
E ben aster, 227 
melonoxylon, 227 
Mabolo, 227 
tomentosa, 227 
Roylei, 227 
Embryopteris, 227 
Diplaziam esculentum, 400 
Diplolepis vomitoria, 304 
Dipsacus Fullonum, 265 
Dipterix odorata, 153 
Dolichos tuberosus, 152, P 
bulbosus, 152, P 
lablad 

sixquipedalis 
caljang 
soja 
bi floras 
sinensis 
Dorema ammoniacum, 23 
Dorstenia contrayerva, 177 
Dracaena Draco, 353 

terminalis, 353 
Dracontium polyphyllum, 364 

pertusum, 364 
Dragoon's Blood, 152, 346 
Drimys granatensis, 17 
Drimys Winteri, 17 
Drogue amere, 285 
Drosera communis, 66 
muscipula, 66 
Dryobalanops Camphora, 98 
Dulse, 434 
Dumb Cane, 364 
Durian,94 
Durvillea, u til is, 434 
Durreoaye Narriol. 301 
Duvaua latifolia. 167 
Dysoxylum, 102 

Eagle wood, 197 
Ebony, 227 

Echinops strigosus, 254 
Echites antidysenterica, 300 
Echium plantagineum,274 
rubrum, 274 



Eddoes, 364, P 
Egg plant, 295 
Egyptian bean, 14 
Ehretia buxifolio, 273 
Elseagnus orientalis, 194 

arborea, 194 

conferta, 194 
Elaeococca, 114 
Elais guineensis, 345 
Elatine, 52, Elaterium, 3 sp. 
Elcaija, 102 
Elder, 248 
Elecampane, 253 
Elephantopus scaber, 253 
Elettaria Cardamomum, 324 
Eleusine coracana, 377 
Elm, 179 
Elyrmis maritimus 

arenaria 
Embelia robusta, 225 

Ribes, 225 
Emetin, 245 
Endive, 254 
Ensiao, 164 
Entada Purssetha, 155 
Entelea arborescens 
Enteromorpha compressa. 434 
Epicharis, 102 
Equisetnm hyemale, 318 
Equisetum majns 

hyemale 
Ergot, 377 
Erigeron philadelphicum, 253 

heterophyllum, 253 
Eriodendron, 94 
Erithrina corallodendron, P 
Ervade Rata, 245 
Eryngium campestre. 23 
Erythrina monosperma, 152 
Erythronium indicum, 353 
Erythroxylon Coca, 123 

hypericifolium, 123 
suberosum, 123 
Eucalyptus resinifera, 45 
Eugenia CaryophiUata 
Euhalus, 335 
Eulophia, 339 
Eupatorium Ayapana, 254 

perfoliatum, 253 
Euphorbia, 113 

antiquorum, 1 15 

qfficinarum 



300 ] 



114 



Euphorbia canadensis, 115 
Gerardiana, 115 
Ipecacuanha, 115 
papillosa, 115 
neriifolia, 115 
thymifolia, 115 
pilulifera, 115 
heptagona, 115 
Tirucalli, 115 

Euphorbium, 114 

Euphrasia officinalis, 291 

Evernia prunastri, 429 
vulpina, 429 

Evodia j'ebrifuga, 133 

Evonyinus tingens, 119 

Hxcaecaria, 1 16 

Agallocha, 115 

Exostema, 244 

Fagara, 136 
Faghureh, 136 
Feronia elephantum. 106 
Ferula, 23, assofcetida 
Festuca pratensis, 378 
Festuca elatior 
Feuillea cordifolia, 52 
Fever bark of Carolina, 244 
Ficus rcligiosa, 177 

toxicaria, 176 

septica, 177 

raceraosa, 177 

indica, 177 

australis. 177 

floridana 
Fig, 176 
Fir, 315 

Silver, 316 
Flagellaria, 357 
Flax, grass, P 
Flax, tropical, P 
Flax of leaves, P 
Flax, pineapple, P 
Flindersia, 104 
Fools' Parsley, 22 
Fragaria, 144" 
Frambsesia, 133 
Frank incense, 111 
Fraxinus rotundifolia,308 
Frazera Walter i, 297 
French berries, 108 
Fruta de Burro, 19, 61 
Fruta de Purao, 82 



Fucus vesiculosus, 434 

nodosus, 435 

serratus, 435 
Fumaria cava, 10 
Fumariese, 10 
Fungus melitensis, 394 
Furze, 152 
Fustick, 177 

Galangale, 323 
Galactodendrou utile 
Galbanum, 23 

officinale, 23 
Galega purpurea, 153 
Galium verum, 250 
Gallinha Chocha, 123 
Gambeer. 244 
Gamboge. 74 

Garcinia cochinchiuensis, 75 
cornea, 75 
paniculata, 75 
Mangostana, 75 
pictoria, 75 
Garden Orach, 20S 
Gardenia, 245 
Garlic, 353 
Gauca, 206 
Gaultheria procumbens, 220 

Shallon,220 
Gela, 155 
Gelidium, 434 
Genipa, 245 
Genista, 152, 153 
Gentian, 297 
Gentian a, lutea, 297 
rubra, 297 
purpurea, 297 
Amarella. 297 
campestris, 297 
cruciata, 297 
peruviana, 297 
Chirita, 297 
Geoffraea, 154 
Geranium spinosum, 137 
maculatum, 137 
Robertianum, 138 
Geum urbanum, 144 

nvale, 144 
Gheer, 111 
Gillenia trifoliata, 144 

stipulacea, 144 
Gigartina helminthocorton, 435 



115 



[300] 



Ginger, 323, P 
Ginseng, 25 
Glaphyria nitida, 45 
Glechoma Tiederacea, 276 
Gleichenia dichotoma, 400 
Gliadine, 377 
Globba nviformis, 324 
Gloriosa snperba, 353 
Glycosmis citrifolia, 106 
Glycyrrhiza glabra, 152 
Gnetum nrens, 311 

Gnemon, 311 
Gobbo, 96 
Golden Rod, 253 
Gold thread, 6 
Gombo. 96 
Gomphrena officinalis, 20S 

macrocephala, 20S 
Gomuty Palm 
Gooseberry, 26 
Gracilaria lichenoides, 434 

compressa, 434 

tenax, 435 
Gonrd, 52, economical, sp., P 
Graines d' Avignon, 108 
Gram, 119 
Grana molucca, 114 
Grass oil of Nernaur, 377 
Grass flax, P 
Grass silk, P 
Grass rope, P 
Grass cordage, P 
Gratiola officinalis, 291 
peruviana. 291 
Grawatha, 334 
Gray Plum, 159 
Grewia asiatica, 99 
elastica, 99 
sapida, 99 
Grislea tomentosa, 100 
Guaco 
Guaiacum sanctum, 134 

officinale, 134 
Guaiacine, 134 
* Guaiacum tree 
Guatteria virgata, 18 
Guarea Aubletia, 102 

trichilioides, 1.02 
Guava, 45 

Guazuma ulmifolia, 94 
Guettarda coccinea, 244 
Guevina, 200 



* Guilandina Bonduceeila, 154 

Nuga, 154 
Guinea corn, 376 
Gulanclia, 215 
Gum Ammoniac, 23 

Animi, 9S, 154 

Arabic, 152, 154 

Elemi, 111, 165 

Kino, 45, 211, 244 

Dragon, 15^, 353 

Lac, 152, 177 

Senegal, 94, 152, 154 

Tragacanth of S. Leone, 94. 

Tragacanth, 147 
Gunny, 99 

Gustavia urceolata, 46 
Gymnema lactiferum, 304 

tingens, 305 
Gynerium saccharoides 
Gyrophora deusta, 429 

pustulata, 429 
Gypsophila Ostruthium, 125 

Habzelia aromatica, 18 

Hsematoxylon campeachianum,154 

Haematin, 154 

Haemanthus toxicarius, 329 

Haitsai, 435 

Hanchinol, 100 

Hartighseu, 102 

Hashish, 176 

Hazelnut, 170 

Hedeoina pulegioides, 276 

Hederine, 25 

Hedychium coronariuni, 323 

Hedycarpus malayanus, 82 

Hedysarum sennoides, 152 

Heistena coccinea, 33 

Helianthus tuberosus, 254 

Hehconia Psittacorum, 327 

Heliconinia, several species 

Helicteres Sacarolha. 94 

Helleborus, 6. 

Helonias dioica, 348 

Helvella, 422 

Hemidesmus indica, 305 

Hemlock, 22 

Hemlock Spruce, 316 

Hemp, 176 

Hemp of Sisal, P 

Hemp of Manilla 



[300 J 



116 



Hemp of Leaves 
Hemp of Petioles 
Henbane, 294 
Henequen, P 
Henne, 100 
Hepatica 6 
Hepatic Aloes, 353 
Herbe du Diable, 270 
Hernandia sonora, 198 

guianensis, 196 
Heuchera amerieana, 163 
Hibiscus arboreus, 96 

Rosa sinensis, 96 
Sabdariffa, 96, P 
suratensis, 96 
esculentus, 96 
f Abelmoschus, 34 

longifolius, 96 
iiliacevs^ 
Himanthalia lorea, 435 
Hippocratea comosa, 120 
Hippomane, 116 
Hippomane Mancinella, 115 
Hippophae rhamnoides, 194 
Hog plnm, 107 
Holcus saccharatus, 377 

odoratus, 96 

Sorghum 

Spicatus 

Bicolor 
Holigarna longifolia, 167 
Honeysuckle, 248 
Hop, 176 

Horse-chestnut, 84 
Horseradish, 59 
Hortia braziliana, 133 
Hovenia dulcis, 108 
Huile des Marmottes, 147 
Humirium floribundum, 104 
Humulus Lupulus, 176 
Hungary water, 276 
Hura, 113 

crepitans, 115 
Hursinghar, 309 
Hya-hya, 300 
Hyaenanche globosa, 115 
Hydnocarpus venenta, 70 
Hydrastis canadensis, 6 
Hydrilla, 335 
Hydrocyanic acid, 147 
Hydrophylax maritima, 245 
Hymenaea Courbaril, 154 



Hyoscyamus, 295 
Hypericum Androsaemum, 78 

hircinum, 78 

connatum, 78 

laxiusculum, 78 

perforatum, 78 

Iceland moss, 429 
Icica Acuchini, 111 

Carana, 111 

heptaphylla, 

Icicariba, 111 
Igasuric acid, 301 
Ilex paraguensis, 229 
lllicium anisatum, 17 
India Rubber tree 6 

Indigo, 152. 153 
Indigofera enneaphylla, 152 
Anil, 153 
tinctoria, 153 
Inga, 89 

faeculifera, 155 
Inocarpus, 196 
Inula Helenium, 253, 254 
Inulin, 254 

Ionidium parviflorum, 63 
Poaya, 63 
Itubu, 63 
Ipecacuanha, 8, 63, 114, 116, 144, 

244, 305 
Ipe-tabacco, 282 
Ipeuna, 282 
Ipomoea Quamoclit, 231 

sensitiva, 231 
Iridaea edulis, 434 
Iris florentina, 333 
tuberosa, 333 
versicolor, 333 
verna, 333 
Pseudacorus, 333 
Ironwood, 227 
Isidium Westringii, 429 
Ivarancusa, 387 
Ivy, 25 

Jaboticabeiras, 45 
Jacaranda wood, 155 
Jack, 176 

Jacquinia obovata, 226 
Jagghery water, 155 
Jalap, 214, 231 



117 



[ 300 ] 



Jarnrosade, 45 

Janji, 335 

Japan lacquer, 1 67 

Jasamine, 309 

Jasminum officinale, 309 

grandiflorura, 309 
Sambac, 309 
undu latum, 309 
angustifolium, 309 
Jatropha Cassava, 113, P 

Manihot, 113, 113, P 
glauca, 115 
Curcas, 115, P 
Jeffersonia, 7 
Jenequen, P 
Jew Bush, 116 
Jits, 102 

Joliffia africana, 52 
Juglans cathartica, 180 
cinerea, 180 
regia, 180 
Jujube, 108 
Julpai, 97 

.1 uncus effusus, 357 
Juniper, 316 

communis, 316 
Sabina, 316 
Jussisea peruviana, 36 
Justicia biflora, 285 

Ecbolium, 285 
Adhatoda, 285 
pectoralis, 285 
Gendarussa, 285 
paniculata, 285 

Kakaierro, 317 

Kalnnchoe brasiliensis, 16-1 

Kalmia latifolia, 221 

Kat, 119 

Kassou Khaye, 103 

Kava 

Kawrie Tree, 315 

Kayo Umur Panjang, 45 

Khair Tree, 155 

Khaya, 103 

Kheu, 167 

Khumur-ool-mujnoon, 216 

Kielmeyera speciosa, 80 

King wood, 153 

Kino, 152 

Kiriagbuna Plant, 304 

Kirschenwasser, 147 



Knowltonia vesicatoria, 6 
Kodoya Bikh, 6 
Kokra, 172 
Kola, 94 
Krameria, 86 
Kunkirzeed, 254 
Kuteera, 80 
Kydia calycina, 94 

Labaria Plant, 364 

Labdanum, 91 

Laburnum, 152, 153 

Lac, black, 167 

Lace Bark, 195 

Lacis, 191 

Lacker, 167 

Lactuca virosa, 254 

sylvestris, 254 

f Lagunculara racemosa 

Lalo, 94 

Lamb's Lettuce, 266 

Laminaria digitata. 434 

potatorum, 434 
buccinalis, 435 
bulbosa, 435 

Langsat, 102 

Lanseh, 102 

Lansium, 102 

Lantana Pseudo Thea. 278 

Larch, 315, 316 

Lata 

Lathy rus Aphaca, 153 
tuberosus, 152 

Laurel oil, 30 

Laurentiapiunatifida, 434 

Laurus Cassia, 201 

Culilaban, 201 
Malabathrum, 201 
cupularis, 201 
Quixos, 201 
Cinnamomoides, 201 
Pucheri, 201 
Camphora, 201 
Parthenoxylon, 201 
Benzoin, 201 
parvifolia, 201 
globosa, 201 
ibetens, 201 
caustica, 201 

Lavandula carnosa, 276 

Laver, 434 

green, 434 



[300] 



118 



Lavender, 276 

Lawsonia inermis, 100 

Lecanora perella, 429 
tartarea, 429 
haematomma, 429 
atra, 429 

Lecythis ollararia, 47 

Ledum palustre, 220, 221 

Lemon, 105, 106 

Lentil, 152 

Lepraria chlorina, 429 

Lepidostachys Roxburghi, 17i 

Le Petit Coco, 225 

Lettuce, 254 

Liane amere, 215 

Liatris, 253 

Libanus thurifera. Ill 

Lignum Vit£e. 134 

Ligusticum Ajawain, 23 

Lilium pomponium, 352 

Lime, 105, 106 

Limnanthes, 143 

Lingua de Fin, 65 

Linumcatharticum, 89 
selaginoides, 89 

Liquidambar, 188 

Liquorice, 152 

Liriodendron tulipifera, 16 

Lisiauthus pendulus, 297 

Lissanthe sapida. 222 

Litchi, 82 

Lithocarpus javensis, 170 

Lithospermum tinctorium, 274 

Litsea sebifera, 201 

Lobelia cardinalis, 236 
Tupa, 236 
inflata, 236 
Caoutchouc, 236 
syphilitica, 236 
iongiflora, 236 

Locust Tree, 153 

Logwood, 152, 154, P 

Lolium perenne, 378 

temulentum, 377 

Longan, S2 

Lonicera corymbosa, 24S 
cserulea, 248 

Lote, 108 

Lotophagi, 108 

Luhea divarieata, 99 
paniculata. 99 

Ludia, 73 



Lucerne, 152 

Lychnis dioica. 125 

chalcedonica, 125 

Lupulin, 176 

L,ycopodium, 366 

Selago, 404 
clavatum, 404 
Phlegmaria, 404 

Lygeum spartium 

Lythrum Salicaria, 100 

Lythrum? Hunteri, 100 

Macassar poison, 196 

Mace, 15 

Mache. 266 

Macrocnenum cormybosum, 244 

Madder, 249 

Madia sativa, 254 

Madhuca Tree, 226 

Mcesua ferrea, 75 

Magnolia tripetala, 16 

excelsa, 16 

glauca, 16 

acuminata, 16 

Yulan, 16 
Magonia pubescens, 82 

glabrata, 82 
Magnei/ de Pulque, P 
Maguey de Mezcal 
Maguey de Cocuy 

* Mahogany wood, 103 
Mahva Tree, 226 
Mais Peladero, 378 
Maize, 376 

Malach, 176 
Malic acid, 26 
Mallow, 96 
Malpighia Moureila, 122 

crassi folia, 122 
Malva crispa, 96 
Alcea, 96 
Mammea, 75, P 
Mammillaria, 54 
Manchineel, 113 

* Manchineel tree, 115 
Mandiocca, 115 
Manettia cordilblia, 244 
Mangel Wurzel, 208 
Mango, 167, P 

* Mangrove, white, 279 

* black and red 

* Mangroves, 38 



119 



[300] 



Manilla mulberry, P 

Manna, 152 308 

Manna of Mount Sinai, 127 

Mannite, 127, 308 

Maprounea brasiliensis, 116 

Maranta arundinacea, 326 
Allonyia, 326 
nobilis, 326 
ramosissima, 326 

Marantha indica, P 
alloui. P 

Margosa oil, 114, 115 

Margosa Tree, 102 

Marjoram, 276 

Marking-nut tree, 167 

Marlea, 52 

Marmalade, 226 

Marmaleiro do Mato, 65 

Marmeleiro do Campo, 116 

Marsdenia tenacissima, 305 
tinctoria, 305 

Marsh Mallows, 96 

Martin's Gancer Powder, 288 

Mate, 229 

Matricaria Parthenium, 253 

Mauri tin flexuosa 

Maximiliania regia, 80 

May Apple, 7 

May ten us, 119 

Meconie acid, S 

Meconopsis napalensis, 8 

Medlar, 146 

Medlar of Surinam, 226 

Medeola virgincia, 348 

Medick, 152 

Medullin, 225 

Melaleuca leucadendron, 45 

Melambo Bark, 13 

Melampryum pratense, 292 

Mehmorhsea usitatissima, 167 

Melia Azedarach, 102 
Azedarachta, 102 

Melia sempevirens, P 

Melilotus officinalis, 153 

Melodinns monogynus, 301 

Melon, 52 

Memecylon edule, 41 

Menispermic acid, 216 

Menispermum palmatum, 215 
cordifolinm, 215 
Coccnlns, 216 
edule, 216 



Menyanthes trifoliata, 297 
Mercurialis annua, 113 

perennis, 113, 115 
Mercurio do Campo, 123 
Mertensia dichotoma, 400 
Merulius lacrymans, 423 

vastator, 423 
Mesembryanthemum edule, 56 

nodiflorum, 56 
Michelia Doltsopa, 16 
Microlasna spectabilis, 94 
Mignonete 62 
Mikania Guaco, 254 
Mildew, 423 
Milk Plant. 116 

'tree, 177,226,300 
Milk tree of Colombia 
Millet, 377 
Milneaedulis, 102 
Mimosa fagifolia, 155 
saponaria, 154 
Spongia, 155 
Mimulus guttatus, 291 
Mimusops Elenofi, 226 

Kaki': 226 
Mint. 276 
Mint Tribe 
Mirabilis, 214 
Mistleto, 50 

of the Oak, 50 
Mohoe, or Mohaut, 96 
Momordica Elaterium, 52 
Monnina polystachya, 86 
Mootha, 385 
Morel, 422 
Morinda, 245 

Royoc, 244 
t Moringa, 154 

t pterygosperma, 66, P 
Morphia, 8 
Morrichc Palm 
Moms alba, 177 

tinctoria, 177 
Mountain Ash, 146 
Mouron, 224 
Moutabea, 109 
Moxa, 253 
Mucedo, 423 
Mu cor, 423 

Mucuna pruriens, 152 
Mudar, 305 



[300] 



120 



Mulberry, 176 
Munjeeth, 250 
Muso, 327 

Abaca, 

many species 
textilis, 327 
Musanga, 177 
Mushroom, 422 
Mustard, 59 

Myginda Gongonha, 229 
Myrica cerifera, 180 
sapida, 180 
Myristica moschata, 15 
officinalis, 15 
Otoba, 15 
tomentosa, 15 
Myrospermum peruiferum, 165 
toluiferum, 165 
Myrsine bifaria, 225 

Nagkesar. 75 
Nagur-mootha, 385 
Narcissus poeticus, 329 

Tazetta, 329 

odorus, 329 

Pseudo-Narcissus, 329 
Narcotine, S 
Nard, 266 

Nardostachys Jatamansi, 266 
Natchenny, 377 
Nauclea Gambeer, 244 
Nectarine, 147 
Neem Tree, 102 
Nehai, 400 

Nelumbium speciosum, 14 
Nepeta hederacea. 276 
Nephelium, 82 

Nephrodium esculentuin, 400 
Nerium Oleander, 300 

odorum, 300 
Nesaea staticifolia, 100 
Nigella, 6 
Nightshade, 294 
Niouttout, 165 
Nirbishi, or Nir bikhi ; 6 
Nirmulee, 301 
Noyau, 147, 231 
Nut-grass, 385 
Nutmeg, 1 5 

Tribe, 15 
of Santa Fe, 15 
Nyctanthes Arbor Tristis, 309 



Nymphaea alba, 13 

Oak, 170 

Oats, 376 

Ochna hexasperma, 129 

Ochro, 96 

Ocymum album, 276 

febrifugum, 276 
(Enanlhe pimpinelloides, 22 

crocata, 23 
CEnothera biennis, 36 
Oil of Almonds, 147 

Ben, 66 

Olive, 281, 308 

Tiglium, 114 
Oldenlandia umbellata, 245 
Olea fragrans, 308 

europasa, 308 
Olibanum, 111 
Olivile, 308 
Omphalea, 116 
Ononis, 153 
Onion, 353 

Onosma echioides, 274 
Opium, 254 
Opoponax, 23 
Oporanthus luteus, 329 
Opuntia vulgaris, 54 
Orange, 105 
Orchall, 429 
Orchis mascula, 339 
Orelha de Onca, 215 
Gato, 78 
Origanum Dictamnus, 276 
Oniithopus, 152 

scorpioides, 153 
Orobanche virginiana, 288 

major, 288 
Orontium aquaticum, 364 
Orris root, 333 
Orseille de Terre, 429 

des Canaries, 429 
Orthantheraviminea, 305 
Osmunda regalis, 400 
Oxalis acetosella, 140 

crenata, 140 
Oxleya xanthoxyla, 104 

Pachana, 215 

Pseonia, 6 

Palapetta, 300 

Palicourea Marcgraavii, 245 



121 



[ 300 J 



Palm oil, 345 

Palraa Christi, 114 
Ail m- Vine, 345 

Palo, 215 

Palo de Vacca, 177 

Panax Col on i, 276 

quinquefolium, 25 

Pancratium maritimum, 329 

Pandanus, 362 

Pandanus, many species, 

Pandanus odoratissimus, 362 

Panicum spectabile, 378 
italicum 
pilosum 
frumentaceum 
glaucum 
colonum 
grosarium 
miliaceum 
jumentorum 
polygamum 
maximum 
arborescens, 50 ft. 
altissimum 
arundinaceum 

Pao d'Arco, 282 

Papaver somniferrum, 8 

Pa paw, 69 

Papeeta, 301 

Papyrus, 385 

antiquerum 

Para todo, 208 

Paraiba, 130 

Pareira brava, 215 

Parinarium excelsum, 159 
campestre, 159 
montanum, 159 

Parkia africana, 154 

Parmelia saxatilis, 429 

omphalodes, 429 
encausta 429 
conspersa, 429 
parietina, 429 

Parsley, 22 

Parsnep, 22 

Partridge w6od, 33 

Passan-Batu, 170 

Passerina tinctoria, 195 

Pastinaca Opoponax, 23 

Paullinia australis, 82 
polyphilla 
eupania, 82 



Paullinia subrotunda, 82 

Paspalum frumentaceum 

Pavonia diuretica, 96 

Pede Perdis, 114 

Pea, 152 

Peach, 147 

Pear, 140 

Pedalium murex, 281 

Pediculares, 292 

Pedilanthus tithymaloydes, 116 

padifolius, 116 
Peltidea aphthosa, 429 
Penaea mucronata, 204 
Pennyroyal, 276 
Pentadesma butyracea, 75 

Butter tree 
Pentaptera, 39 
Peon, 75 
Pepper, 168 
Pepper, black, 186 
Peppers, 135 
Pepper-dulse, 434 
Perelle d'Auvergne, 429 
Pergularia edulis, 304 
Periploca emetica, 304 

esculenta, 304 

indica, 304 

scammonium 

groeca 

indica 
Perpetua, 208 
Persea gratissima, 201 
Petiveria alliacea, 212 
Phalaris arundinacea 
Pharus latifolius 

arundinacea 
Phaseolus trilobus, 153 
radiatus, 1.53 
Phaseolus mungo 

tunkinensis 
aureus 
max 
radiatus 
aconitifolius 
Phellandrium, 23 
Phleum, 378 
Phlomis esculenta, 276 
Phoenix fariniferra, 345 
Photinia dubia, 146 
Phryinium capitatum 
Phrynium dichotomum, 326 
Phyllanthus, 113 



[ 300 ] 



m 



Phyllanthus, Niruri, 1 16 
urinaria, 116 
Emblica, 116 
Con ami, 116 
Physalis Alkekengi, 294 

flexuosa, 295 
Phytelephas, 362 
Phyteuma spicatum, 238 
Phytolacca decandra, 210 
Picrotoxia, 215, 216 
Pierardia dulcis, 82 
sativa, 82 
Pinckneya pubens, 244 
Pindaiba, 19 
Pigeon-pea, 152 
Piney varnish, 98 
Pine-apple, 334 
Pine, 315 

Norfolk Island, 319 

Weymouth, 315 
Pinguicula vulgaris, 286 
Pinus Cembra,"316 

Gerardiana, 316 

Lambertiana, 315, 316 

sylvestris, 316 

Pumilio, 316 

Pinaster, 316 

Pinea, 316 

Picea, 316 
Piper sethiopicum, 18 

Cubeba, 186, nigrum 

inebrians, 186 

anisatum, 186 

Betel, 186 

Siriboa, 186 
Pisonia, 214 
Pistacia atlantica, 167 
Lentiscns, 167 
Terebinthus, 167 
Nut, 167 
Pistia Stratiotes, 36S 
* Piscidia erythrina, P 
Pita de Cocuyza 
Pita de Tolu 
Pita, de Guataca 
Pitafloja, P 
Pitahaya, P 
Pitch, 111 

Burgundy, 316 
Pittomba, 82 
Pittosporum Tobira, 32 
Plantago arenaria, 268 



Plantago Ispaghula, 268 

Psyllium, 268 
Plataneae, 187 

Plukenetia corniculata, 116 
Plum, 147 

common, 147 
Plumbago zeylanica, 270 
curopeea, 270 
scandens, 270. 
Plumeria obtusa, 300 
Poa tenax 
Jiuitans 
aquatica 
svditica 
Abyssinica 
Poaya da praia, 63 
Poaya branca, 63 
Podocarpus neriifolia, 317 
Podophyllum peltatum, 7 
t Poinciana ptdcherrima, P 
Pois queniques, 66 
Polanisia, 61 
Polyan(,thes tuberosa, 353 
Polygala crotalarioides, 86 
poaya, 86 
Senega, 86 
sanguinea, 86 
Polygaline, 86 

Polygonum Hydropiper, 211 
barbatum, 211 
chinensis 
Fagopyrum, 211 
hispidum, 211 
t atari cum. 211 
aviculare, 211 
Poly podium phymatodes, 400 
Calaguala, 400 
crassifolium, 400 
Polyporus destructor, 423 
Pomegranate, 45 
Poplar, 187 
Poppy, 8 

Populus tremuloides, 187 
Porliera hvgrometrica, 134 
Porphyra laciniata. 434 
vulgaris, 434 
Portlandia hexandra, 244 
Potalia resinifera, 307 

amara, 307 
Potamogeton natans. 367 
Potash, 295 



123 



[ 300] 



Potato. 294 

Potcntilla anserina, 144 
reptans, 144 
Prangos pabularia, 22 
Premna integrifolia, 278 
Prinos verticillatus, 229 

glaber, 229 
Prinsepia utilis, 159 
Prosopis, 154 
Prunes, 147 
Primus spinosa, 147 

domestica, 147 
brigantiaca, 147 
Cocomilia, 147 
Prussic acid, 147 
Psoralea corylifolia, 152 
Psychotria emetica, 245 
herbacea, 245 
noxa, 245 
Ptarmica, 253 
Ptelea, 136 
Pteris aquilina, 400 
esculenta, 400 
Pterocarpus, 346 

santalinus, 152 
dalbergioides, 153 
erinacea, 152 
Draco, 152 
Pucciniagraminis, 423 
Puccoon, 8 
Puchinaugo 
Pueraria, 152 
Pulque, 329, P. 
Purslane, 124 
Pyrus Aria, 146 

Aucuparia, 146 

Quassia, 130 

Simarouba, 136, 

Quercus falcata, 170 
S uber, 170 
iEgilops, 170 

Quina, 244 

Q,u ina de la Angostura, 132 
blanca, 114 
de la Guayna. 132 

Quince, 145 

Quinquina, 244, 308 

of Peru, 165 

Piton, 244 

des Antilles, 244 

Qurjun, 98 



Radish, 59 
RafHesia, 392 
Raiz d-> Mato, 206 

Padre Salerma, 208 
Raiz Preta, 245 
Ral, 98 

Ramalina scorpulorum, 429 
Rambeh, 82 
Rambutan, 82 
Rampion, 23S 
Ramturai, 96 
Randia duraetorum, 245 
Ranunculus Flammula, 6 
sceleratus, 6 
glacialis, 6 
Thora, 6 
Rape, 59 
Raspberry, 144 
Ratanhia, 86. 

Reaumur ia vermiculata, 92 
Rebenta cavallos, 236 
Red sandal-wood, 154 
Redwood tree, 103 
Remija ferrugiuea, 244 

vellozi, 244 
Reseda luteola, 62 
Resin of Coumia, 154 
Restio tectorum } 

virgatus U feet 
dichotomus j J 
vaginatus J 
paniculatvs, 2 feet 
Restio tectorum, 387 
Rex amaroris, 86 
Rhamnus catharticus, 108 
infectorius, 108 
saxatills, 108 
amygdalmus, 108 
Rheum, 211 
Rhizophora mangle 
Rhizomorpha, 423 
Rhizophora gymnorhiza, 40 
Rhododendron ferrugineum, 220^ 
% chrysanthemum, 220 
ponticum, 221 
maximum, 221 
arboreum, 221 
campanulatum, 221 
Rhodomeniapalmata, 434 
Rhubarb, 211 
Rhubarbarin, 211 
Rhus Coriaria, 167 



[300] 



124 



Rhus, toxicodendron, 167 
radicans, 167 

Cotinus, 167 

vernix, 164 

succedaneum, 168 

verniciferum, 168 

glabrum, 168 
Rice, 359, 376 
Rice paper of China 
Richardsonia rosea, 245 
scabra, 245 
Ricinus, 116 
Rieinnus communis, 113 
Kitta Kaddapoo, 111 
Roccella fusiforrnis, 429 

tinctoria, 429 
Robinia, 152 

Pseudacacia, 153 
Rocambole, 353 
Rocou, 73, P 
Rohuna, 103 
Rondeletia febrifuga, 244 
Rosa rubiginosa, 144 

canina, 144 

damascena, 144 

gallica, 145 
Rose Apple, 45 
Rosemary, 276 
Rosewood, 152, 155 
Rough-skinned Plum, 159 
Rowan Tree, 146 
Roxburgh ia, 360 
Rubia tinctoria, 249 

cordifolia, 250 

angustissima, 250 

Munjista,250 

noxa, 250 
Rubus arcticus, 144 
villosus, 144 
Rue, common, 132 
Ruellia strepens, 285 
Ruizia, 189 
Ruktachundun, 154 
Rumex acetosa, 211 
Rush, 357 
Russia Mats, 99 

Sabbatia angnlaris, 297 
Saccharum officinalis 
sinense 
exaltatum 
polystachien 
Munja 



'Saccharum procerum 
viola ceum 
caudatum 
contr actum 
Saffron, 333 
Sagapenum, 23 
Sage, 276 

Sageretia theezans, 108 
Sagittaria, 356 
Sago, 313, 345 

Portland, 364 
Sagus farinifera, 345 
Saint Foin, 152 
Saint Ignatius's Bean, 301 
Sal, 98 
Salep, 339 
Salacia, 120 
Salicine, 187 
Salicornia, 209 
Saiin viminalis 

stipularis 

Forbiana 

triandria 

mollisima 

alba 

Russeliana 

rubra 
Salisburia, 317 
Salix herbacea, 187 

helix, 227 
Sallow, 187 
Salsafy, 254 
Satsola, 209 
Samanbaya, 400 
Samphire, 22 
Sandarach, 316 
Sanders's wood, 193 
Sandoricum indicum, 102 
Sanguinaria canadensis, 8 
Sanguisorba officinalis, 14S 
Santalum album, 193 
Santolina, 253 
Sapindus esculentus, 82 

saponaria, 82 
Sapium, 116 

aucuparium, 116 
Saponaria officinalis, 125 
Saponine, 82 
Sappodilla Plum, 226 
Sappan wood, 154 
Snpucaya, 47 
Sarcocolla, 204 
Sarcocollin, 204 



125 



[ 300 ] 



Sarsaparilla, 25, 359 

German, 385 
of India, 305 

Satin wood, 104 

Saunders's wood, 152 

Saurauja, 80 

Sauvagesia erecta, 64 

Savin, 316' 

Savory, 276 

Scabiosa succisa, 265 

Scabious, 253 

Scammony, 231 

Scan din oderatu 

Schinus Molle, 167 
Arroeira, 167 

Schmidelia edulis, 82 

Scilla maritima, 353 

Lilo-Haycinthus, 353 

Scillitin, 353 

Scio Turpentine, 167 

Scirpus, 385 

lacustris 

Scleria lithosperma, 385 

Scoparia dulcis, 291 

Scorzonera, 254 

hispanica 
latifolia 

Scotch Fir, 315 

Scrophularia aquatica, 291 
nodosa, 291 

Sea Kale, 59 

Sea-wrack, 367 

t Sebesten Plum, 273, P 

Sechium edule 

palmatum 

Sedges, 384 

Sem, 153 

Semecarpus Anacardium, 167 

Sem-ke-gond, 154 

Sempervivum tectorum, 164 

glutinosum, 164 

Senacia Undulata, 32 

Senegine, 85 

Senna, 153, 300, 305 

Alexandrian, 154 

Serradilla, 152 

Service, 146 

Serjania triternata, 82 

Sesamum, 281 

Sesbaina gloriosa, P 

Sesbania picta 

Sesbania grandiflora. 152, P 



Setaria italica 

germanica 
viridis 
glauca 
teuacissima 
Shallot, 353 
Shorea robusta, 98. 
Sicyos angulata 
dulcis 
edidis 
Sida abutila, 96 
cordifolia, 96 
mauritiana, 96 
micrantha, 96 
carpinifolio, 96 
lanceolota, 96 
Siegesbeckia orientalis, 253 
Silene virginica, 153 
Silk cotton-tree, P 
Silphium, 22 
Simaruba versicolor, i 30 
Simbi, 153 
Sinapis chinensis 59 
Singhara nuts, 37 
Siphonia elastica, 116 
Sissoo, 153 
Skirret, 22 
Skunk Cabbage, 364 
Smilax Sarsaparilla, 359 
China, 359 
aspera, 359 
* Smilax Pscudo China 
Smut, 423 
Snake poison, 244 
Soccotrine Aloes, 353 
Solanum Pseudoquina, 294 
nigrum, 294 
esculentum, 295 
Jacquini, 295 
bahamense, 295 
mammosurn, 295 
Dulcamara, 295 
Solidago odora 
Solorina crocea, 429 
Sorghum saccharatum 

vulgare 
Sorrel, 211 
Sosquil, P 
Souari Nuts, 76 
Soulamea, 86 
Sour sop, P 
Sow Bread, 223 



[ 300 J 



12G 



Soymida febrifuga, 103 
Spanish Chestnut, 170 
Spartinia polystacha 
Spermacoce ferruginea, 245 

Poaya, 245 
Sphseralcea cisplatina, 96 
Spigelia marylandica, 299 
Spikenard, 226 
Spilanthus, 253 
Spinach, 63, 280 
Spiraea ulmaria, 144 
*Spondias, 107 

tnombici 
mirabolanos 
Spruce, 315 
Squill, 329 
Stachys palustris, 276 
Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, 278 
Stagmaria vernicifiua, 167 
Stalagmitis Gambogiodes, 75 
Star-apple, 226 
Star-anise, 17 
Star-reed, 206 
Statice caroiiniana, 270 
Sterculia acuminata, 94 
Chicha, 94 
Tragacantha, 94 
guttata, 94 
fcetida, 94 
urens, 94 
Stevia febrifuga, 253 
Sticta pulmonacea, 429 
Stillingia sebiferce 
iSlipa tenacissima 
Stone-oak, 170 
Stone-pine, 316 
Storax, 188, 228 

liquid, 316 
Stramonium, 294 
Stravadium, 65 

racemosum, 46 
Strawberry, 144 
Strawberry prickly pear, P 
Strelitzia, several species 
Strychnia, 136, 301 
Strychnos colubrina, 301 
Tieute, 301 
potatorum, 301 
innocua, 301 
S. Ignatii, 301 
Nux vomica, 301 
Pseudo-quina, 301 



Styrax, 228 
Suberin, 170 
Succory, 254 
Sugar-cane, 377 
Sulphur, 153 
Sumach, Venetian, 167 
Sunflower, 254 
Suple Jack 
Suwarrow nuts, 76 
Swallows' nests, 434 
Sweet sop, P 
Symphium asperrimum 
Swietenia Mahagoni, 103 
Symplocarpus fcetida, 364 
Symplocos, 228 

Tabasheer, 377 

Tabernsemontana utilis, 300 

Tacamahaca, 75, 165 

Tachia guianensis, 297 

Tagua, 362 

Tallow trees 

Talinum patens, 124 

t Tamarind, 154, P 

Tamarix gallica, 127 
indica, 127 
dioica, 127 
orientalis, 127 
Furas, 127 
africana, 1 27 
Tampui, 82 

Tanghin tree, 300 

Tangle, 434 

Tansy, 253 

Tapioca, 115 

Taquarussa, 377 

Taro 

Tarragon, 254 

Tat, 99 

Tea, 80, 400 

Tea Tree, 278 
Green, 331 

Teak, African, 116 

Teasel, 265 

Tetragonia expansa 

Tectona grandis, 278 

Tej-bul, 136 

Tephrosia, 153 

Appollinea, 153 

Terminalia alata, 38 

Bellerica, 38 
Benzoin, 39 



127 



[300] 



t Terminalia Catappa, 39 
Chebula, 3S 
latifolia, 39 
Terra japonica, 155 
Theet-see, 167 
Thesium, 193 
Theobroma Cacao. 94 
Theophrasta .lussieei, 225 
Thoa urens 
Thuja articulata, 316 

quadrivalvis, 316 
Thunbergia odor ante 

fragrante 
Thyme, 276 
Ti 
Ticorea febrifuga, 133 

jasminifiora, 133 
Ticu Palm 
Tika, 119 
Tilia, 99 

Tingi da Praya, 226 
Tinguy, 82 
Tobacco, 212, 294 

Mexican varieties, P 
Toddalia aculeata, 136 
Toddy, 102, 345 
Tomatoes, 80 
Tomato, 294 
Tonka Bean, 153 
Tonsella pyriformis, 120 
Torenia asiatica, 291 
Tormentilla, 144 
Tragia involucrata, 116 
Tragacanth, 80, 153 
Tragopogon, 254 
Trapa, 37 

bispinosa, 37 
Tree of long life, 45 
Trefoil, 152 
Trichilia emetica, 102 

trifoliata, 102 

speciosa, 102 
Trichosanthes palmata, 52 
Trichosanthes colubrina 
tuberosa 
Trifolium alpinnm, 152 
Triglochin, 367 
Trincomalee wood, 99 
Triosteum perfoliatum, 248 
Tripe de Roche, 429 
Triphasia, 106 
Tripterella coerulea ; 331 



Tripsaciim dactyloidcs 

Tropseolum majus, ]40 

tuberosum, 140 

Trophis Ramon, P 

Truffle, 422 

Tein-y, 16 

Tuber, 422 

Tuberose, 353 

Tumbugaia, 98 

Turmeric, 324, P 

Turnip, 59 

Turnsol, 113 

Turpentine, oil of, 316 

Bourdeaux, 316 
Strasburgh, 316 
Venetian, 316 

Tussilogo Farfara. 253 

Typha, 366 

latifolia 

Ule, 177 

TJltx europaias 

Ulfmossa, 429 

Ulmin, 179 

Ulva latissima, 434 

Unona JEthiopica 

Upas, 176, 301 

Urania-var-spec 

Urania speciosa, 327 

Urceola elastica, 300 

Urceolaria scruposa, 429 
cinerea, 429 

Urena lobata, 96 

Urtica dioica, 176 
urens, 176 
pilulifera, 176 
crenulata, 176 
stimulans, 176 
tenacissima, 305 

Usnea plicata, 429 

Uvaria tripetaloidea, 18 
febrifuga, 19 
aromaiica 

Vaccinium Vitis Idea, 220 

Vahea, 300 

Valerian, red, 266 

Valeriana Phu, 266 

officinalis, 266 
celtica, 266 
Jatamansi, 266 

Valerianella, 266 



[300] 



128 



Vallisneria alternifolia, 335 

Vangueria, 246 

Vanilla, 342 

Varnish of Sylhet, 167 

Martaban, 167 

Variolaria, 429 

lactea, 429 

Vateria indica, 98 

Velame do Campo, 114 

Velonia, 171 

Veratrin, 348 

Veratrum, 348 

Sabad'dla 
viride, 348 

Verbesina sativa, 254 

Vernonia anthelmintica, 253 

Vervain, 278 

Vetch, 152 

Viburnum, 248 

Vicia var. spec 

Vijuco del Guaco, 254 

Villarsia nymphoides, 297 
ovata, 297 

Vin d'Aulnee, 253 

Vine, 31 

Vino Mercal, 329 

Viola canina, 63 

V. ipecacuanha 

Virola sebifera, 15 

Vish, or Visha, 6 

Vismia guianensis, 78 

Voacanga, 300 

Voa Vanga, 245 

Wachendorfia, 330 
Walkera serrata, 129 
Waltheria Douradinha, 94 
Walnut, 180 
Wampee, 105 
Water-cress, 59 
Webera Ipecacuanha, 244 
Weinman nia, 161 
Wheat, 376 
Whortleberry, 222 
Wild Cherry, 147 
Wild Ginger, 206 
Willdenowia teres, 387 
Willow, 187 
Willow bark, 187 
Willughbeia edulis, 300, 301 



Winter's bark, 187 

Wittelsbachia insignis, 80 

Wood oil, 98 

Woodruff, 250 

W T ormseed Oil, 209 

Wormwood, 253 

Wrightia antidysenterica, 300 
tinctoria, 300 
coccinea, 300 
mollisima, 300 

Xanthochymus pictorius, 75 
Xanthophyllum, 86 
Xanthorhiza apiifolia, 6 
Xanthoxylum Clava, 136 

piperitum, 136 
fraxineum, 136 
hastile, 136 
caribaeum, 136 
Avicennse, 136 
hiemale, 136 
Ximenia americana, 33 
Xylocarpus granatum. 102 
Xylopia sericea, 19 
Xyris indica, 388 

Yallhoy, 86 
Yams, 359, 364 
Yellow root, 6 
Yellow wood, 104 
Yercum, 305 
Yew, 317 
Young fustick, 167 
Yucca filamentosa 

gloriosa 

aloifolia 

angustifolia 

recurvifolia 

acaulis 

Boscii 

* Zamia integrifolia 
Zedoary, 323' 
Zimone, 377 

Zingiber officinalis, 323, P 
Zinzeyd, 194 
Zizyphus Jujuba, 108 
Zostera, 367 
Zygophyllum Fabago, 134 



129 



[300 ] 



A comparison of the number of Cubean plants mentioned in this list, with the indigenous 
and exotic plants already in tropical Florida, will exhibit the importance and facility of 
introducing the remainder. H. P. 

I. PLANTAS QUE SIRVEN DE BASE A LA AGRICULTURA CUBANA. 

Plants which serve as a basis to the agriculture of Cuba. 

* Dudoso, Dolichos bulbosus. 

t Manihot cannabina, Mc. 10a. 

1 1 have ioandjive males only in all the flowers of a and b. 

Cereales. — Grains. 



Maiz 
Arroz 
Trisro 



Mc. 3 a. Zea raais, 
G. 2. Oryza sativa, 
3. 2. Triticum cstivum, 



Graminecc. 



Raices harinosas. — Farinaceous roots. 



Boniato - 
Jicama - 
Yuca 

Llereues 

Malanga 

Name 

Papas - 
>Sagu 



5. 1. 

- Dd. 10a. 

- Mc.md. 

1. 1. 

- Mc. pa. 



Convolvulus batatas, Convolvidacea, 
*Phaseolus tuberosus, Leguminosce 
t Jatropha manihot, t Euphorbia- 

ceo:, P 
Marantha, allotii, Cannce, P 
Arum sagitifolium, Aroidem, P 
Discorea alata. D. sativa. D. bulbi- 

fera. Dioscorodai 
Solatium tuberosum, Solance 
Marantha indica, Cannce, P 
Alstroemeria edulus, A. latifolia, 

Amarylladai 



Fruios harinosos. — Farinaceous fruits. 



- M. la. 



. 6. 1. 

Pg. Mc. 



Arbol del pan 
Cdstano del Malabar 
Pldtano hembra - 

hembrita 

guineo 

rosado 

rojo chico 
* Dwarf Banana of Mantanzas 



Artocarpus incissa domestica 

Artocarpus incissa, Urticm 

a Musa paradisiaca X 

Musa regia, Rump, exMontvde 

b Musa sapientium + 

Musa rosacea 

Musa coccinea 



t 

o 



*Mons John Michel, of Charleston, South Carolina, says that, atfMatanzas, there are very 
fine species of dwarf bananas to be obtained by addressing Mons. Chapeau, or M. Chartrand. 



[300 ] 



130 



Semillas comestibles. — Edible seeds. 



Ajonjoli - - - Dn. as. 

Chicharos - 

Frijoles - - Dd. 10a. 

Id. del j)ais 6/rijol caballero 

Idem grandes - 

Garbadzos ... 

Gondii - - - - 



Sesamum orientale 
Pisum sativum 
Phaseolus vulgaris 
Dolichos lablad 
Dolichos sexquipedalis 
Cicer arietinum 
Citisus pseudo, cajan 



, Sesamece 

} s 



Lenteja - 

Manx 

Quimbombo 



Acelga 
Brocoli 

Col 

Coliflor 

Chayo 

Escorzonera 

Espdrragos 

Nabos 

Palmito - 

Rdbanos - 

Remolacha 

Verengena 

Zanahoria 



- Ervum lens ? 
Dd. 10a. Arachis hipogea, Leguminosa 
Md. pa. Hibiscus esculentus, Malvaceae 

Legumbres. — Vegetables. 



5. 2. 



Tn. sq. 



Mc. md. 

- Sg. ce. 

- 6. 1. 

- Tn. sq. 

- 6. 3. 

Tn. 

- 5. 2. 

- 6. 1. 

- 5. 2. 



Beta v. albida, Chenopodece 
Brassica oleracea laciniata vi 

ridis 
Brassica oleracea 
Brassica capitata 
B. O. botrytis 
Jatropha urens, Euphorbiaceai 
Scorzonera lati folia, Composite. 
Asparragus sativus, Asphodelm 
Brassica napus, Cruciferce 
Oreodoxa regia, Palmce 
Raphanus sativus, Cruciferm 
Beta vulgaris, Chenopodce 
Solanum melongena, Solance 
Daucus carrota, UmbelliffercB 



1-9 



Ensaladas y salzas. — Salads and sauces. 



Acederas - 

Ajo 

Aji 

Aji ddtil 

Aji caballero j 

Ajiguaguao 

Aleluya (red sorrel) 

Albahaca 

Anis 

Apio 

Berros 

Bledos 

Borraja - 
Calabaza 
Cebolla - 
Chayote - 
Chicorea - 



- 10. 5. Oxalis acetosa, Geranacem 

6. 1. Allium sativum, Asphodelai 

5. 1 . Capsicum. Varias especies. Solano. 

- Capsicum microcarpum 

Md. pa. Hibiscus sabdarifa, Malvaceae, P 

Dn. Ocymun basihcum, Labiata, 

- Anethum foeniculum ) Umbelli- 
5. 2. Apium graveolens \ /era, 

Tn. Sysimbrium nasturnium, Cmciferm 

Mc. md. Amarantus oleraceus. A. sanguin- 
eus, &c. 

5. 1. Borrago officinalis, Boragince 

Mc. md. Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbitacea. 

5. 1. Allium cepa, Asphodelm 

Mc. md. Sycios edulus, Cucnrbitacem, P 

Sg. Cicorium endivia, Composite 



131 



[ 300 ] 



Culantro - 
Espinacas 
Lechuga - 
Mejorana - 
Mostaza - 
Oregano - 
Oregano francos 
Pimiento - 
Pepino 
Peregil 
To mates - 
Tomillo - 
Verdolaga 
Vinagrera 
Volatines - 
Yerba buena 
Yedra 



5. 2. Cicoriandrum sativum, Umbellifera 

Do. 5a. Spinacea oleracea, Polygonal 

S. Lactuca sativa, Composite, 

Dn. Origanum majorana, Labiatai 

Tn. Sinapis juncea, Cruciferaj 

Dn. Origanum majoranoides, Labiatcc 

2. 1. Monarda punctata, Labiatai 

5. 1. Capsicum annum, Solanrn 

Mc. md. Cucumis sativus, Cucurbitaceai 

5. 2. Apium petroselinum, Umbellifera 

5. 1. Solan u m lycopersicum, Solance 

Dn. Thymus vulgaris, Labialm 

Do. Portulaca oleracea, Portulaceai 

- 10. 5. Oxalis cornuta, Gerancacem 

- Gynandropsis pentaphilla 

Dn. Mentha sativa, Labiatai 

5. 3. Basella, Chenopodea 

Frutas. — Fruits. 



Aguacate - 

Almendra - - - 

Almendro - - - - 

Anon - 

Avellano - - - 

Cacao - 

Caimito - - - - 

Caimitillo 

Caniste - 

Cerezas - - - - 

Chrimoya 

Cidra - 

Ciruelas coloradas, blancas y am- 
arillas - 

Coco - 

Corojo - 

Fresas • 

Granado - 

Grossella - 

Guanabana 

Guanabana clmarrona - 

Guayabas del Peru 

Guayabas cotorreras 

Hicaco - 

Higo chumbo 

Higo 

Lima - - 

Limon - - - - 

Limoncito ... 

Maniey Colorado - - 5. 1. 

Mamey de Sto. Domingo - Pa. 1. 

Mamon 

Mamoncillo Guaya 



Persea gratissima, P 
Amigdalus communis 
t Terminalia catappa 
Annona squamosa, P 
Amphalea triandra 
Theobroma cacao 
Chrysophillum cainito, P 
Chrysophillum oliviforme, P 
Sapota elongata, P 
t Malpighia punicifolia 
Annona Humboldtiana, P 
Citrus Medica, P 



Palm a? 



* Spondias 
t Cocos nucifera 
Cocos crispa 
Fragaria vesca 
Punica granatum 

tCicca racemosa, Euphorbiacea, 
Annona muricata 
Annona (palustris ?) 
Psidium pyriferum 
Psidium pomiferum 

* Chrisobalanus icaco 
Opuntia, varias especies 
Ficus carica 

t Citrus limeta 

Citrus limonum, P 

Limonia trifoliatia 

Lucuma Bomplandi, Sapolce y P 

Mammea american, Gut t if era?, P 

Annona glabra 

Melicocca bijuga, P 



[ 300 ] 



132 



Mango 

Mar anon - 

Mora 

Melon 

JSaranja de China 
agria 
cajel 
moreira 

Nuez del pais 

de la India - 

Passionaria 6 granadilla 

Papaya - 

Pina 

Poma rosa 

Sandia 

tSapote 

Sapote de culebra • 

Sapote negro 

Sapole bianco 
Tamarindo 
Uvas de la caleta ■■ 
Ubas de Europa - 



Mangifera domestica, P 

Anacardium occidental, P 

Moms celtidifolia 

Cucumis melo 

Citrus aurantium 

Citrus vulgaris ? ex Mtvde 

Id. — var. 

Citrus nobilis. — ex Mtvde 

Juglans (cinerea ?) 

Aleurites triloba 

Passiflora quadrangularis 

* Carica papaya 
Bromelia ananas 
Jambosa vulgaris, P 
Cucurbita citrullus 
Sapota mammosa, P 
Lecuma serpentaria 
Dyospiros, obtusifolia, Tauch ? P 
? 

t Tamarindus occidentalis, P 

* Coccoloba uvifera 
Vitis vinifera 



Plantas que se cultivan engrande para la esportacion.— Great staples for 

exportation. 



Algodon - 

Cafe 

Cana de azucar criolla 
listida 
tnorada - 
de Hotahiti 

Tabaco 



Gosypium hirsutum 
Coffea arabica, P 
Sacharum oficinale 
Var — fasciolatum 
S. violaceum 
S. O. var. tahitense 
Nicotian a tabacum 



Aplicables d los tintes— Plants for dyes. 



Anil evmarron 

de Goatcmala 
del Senegal - 

Azafran - 

Bija 

Brasilybrasilete - 

Bledo carbonero - 

Campeche 

Curcuma - 

Manaju, la resina 



M. 



Indigofera citisoydes 

Indigofera disperma 

I. argentea 

Carthamus tintoria 

Bixa orellana, P 

Coesalpinia 

Phytolaca decandra 

Hoematoxylum campechanum, P 

Curcuma americana, P 

Calpighia? 



Aplicables por sus aceites. — Yielding oils. 



Ajonjoli 
Ben 



- Dn. as. Sesamum orientale 

- 10. 1. t Moringa pterigosperma, Scsam. P 



133 



[ 309 ] 



t Cocos nucifera ) D 7 

bilais uuineensis ) 

Arachis hypogea, Leguminosce 

Hellanthus animus, Compositcc 

Aleurites triloba ) 

RiciiUus communis > Euphorbiaca, 

Jatrophac ureas ) 

Aplicables para la cordeleria y tejidos. — Suitable for cordage and cloth. 



Coco 


-Mc.Ga. 


Corojo de Guinea - 


- Dc. 6ft. 


Caui 


Dd. 10. 


Mirasol 


- S.fr. 


Nuez de la India - 




Pal ma cristi 


Mc. md. 


Pinou 


- 



Algodon - 

Cdnumo del Senegal 

Ceiba, 

Ceibou 

Chichicastre 

Daguilla - 

Flor de la calentura 

Guamd - 

Guizazo - 

Jaguey - 

Majdgua - 

Mulvate • 

Pan de mono 

Pina 

Pinuela - 

Pita 

Pita de corojo 

Pldiano - 

Quimbombo 



Md. pa. 



- Md. do. 
Md. pa. 

- Mc. 4a. 

- 8. 1. 

- 5. 2. 
Md. 10a. 




- 6. 1. 

- Mc. 6a. 
5 ? 6. 1. 

Md. p&. 



Gossypium. — Varias ) 

especeies, \ Malvaceae 

Hibiscus cannabiftas, ) 
Eriodendrom aufractuosum 
Bombax pentaudrum, Botnbacea, P 
Urtica baccifera, Urticea 
Lagetta lintearia, Thymelm 
Ascleplias curasaviea, Asclepiad 
Lonehocarpos tenax, Leguminosa, 
Triumpheta semitriloba et 
Havanense, Tiliacea 
* Ficus indica, Urticea. 
Hibiscus tiliaceus, Malvaceae, P 
Corchorus siliquosus, Tilacem P 
Andansouia digitata, Stcrculiacecc 
Bromelia annanas, ) 
B. Karatas, \ Bromeliaccm 

Furcraea foetida, ) 
Cocos (crispa?) Pal ma 
Todas las especies, Musacem 
Hibiscus esculentus, Malvaceae 



Aplicables por sus gomas y resinas. — Good for their gums and resins. 



Almdcigo 

Ayuda 

Bdlsamo del Peru 

Cedro 

Circuela - 

Copal 

Goma eldstica 

Guaguaci 

Jabo 

Manaju - 

Ocuje 

Resina animada - 



* Bursera gumifera 
Zanthoxylum carribeum, &c. 
Myroxyllum peruiferum 
Cedrela odorata 

* Spondias 

Hedwigia balsamifera ? 
Castillea elastica^g 

Laetia apelata. — L. Thamnia, &c. 
Spondias (lutea?) 
Malpighia 'I 
Calophyllum calaba 
Hymenea courbarril 



Aplicables como curtientes. — Good for tanning. 



Guayabo siloestre y del Peru 
Mangle bianco 



Psidium pomiferun et pyriferum 
Avicennia nitida 



[ 300 ] 



134 



Mar anon 

Moruro 

Peralejo 



Anacardium occidentale. 
Acacia (?) 
Malpighia mureilla 



II. PLANTAS QUE SIRVEN PARA EL AHMENTO DE LOS ANIMALES. 

Yerbas de ])asto. — Herbs for pasture. 



Abrojo - 
Almiron - 
Anil cimarron - 
Bejuco de Cvba 
Bejuco dc campanilla 

Bejuco de conchitas 

Bejuco marrullero 

Bejuco moniato - 

Berdolaga - " - 

Borraja - 

Caguazo - 

Cambute - 

Canutillo - - - - 

Cana brava 

Carrizillo de monte 

Canamazo - 

Canuela - - - - 

Cerraja - - - - 

Culantrilla - 

Chicorea - 

Escoba amarga - 

Grama deCastilla. — G. de cabal- 

los 
Gnizazillo 

Guizazo de cab alio 

Junco de cieuaga - 

Malva comun 

Malva blanca 

Malva te - 

Malva rosa 

Mano - - - " 

Peregrina 

Palomilla 

Pata de gallina - 

Romerillo bianco - 

Romerlllo 

Rabo de zorra 

Sanguinarla 

Sagu 

Tomates silvestrefi cimarrones 

Vinagrea - 

Yerba de D. Carlos 



Tribulus cistoides 
Sonchns % 
Indigofera citisoides 

Convolvulus 

Clitoria tornata. — C. virginiana 

var. 
Phaseolus vexilatus 
Convolvulus batatas 
Portulaca oleracea 
Borrago oficinalis 



Commelina communis 
Bambusa arundinacea. 

Graminea 

Idem 

Compuesta 

Compuesta 

Argyrocheta bipinnatifida 

Gramineas 
Cenchrus muricatus 
Triumpheta semitriloba 
T. havanense 

Melochia piramidata 
Walteiia indica 
Corchorus siliquosus, P 
Hibiscus mutabilis 

Hibiscus pheniceus 

Graminea 
Coreopsis leucantha 
Balbisia elongata 
Sacharum ravenae 
Ilecebrum lanatum 
Marantha indica. P 
Solanum 
Oxalis cornuta 
Andropogon avenaceus 



135 



[300 ] 



Yerba Jina 
Yerba de g 

Yerba lecher a 



Yerba de guinea 



Agrostis 

Panicum altissimum 
Euphorbia trichotoma 
E. centunculoides 



Entre los pastos naturales deben incluirse una porcion de gramineas de 
los generos Panicum, Setaria, Paspalum, Oplismenus, &c., que se confun- 
den bajo las denominaciones comunes de gramas. He visto comer a los 
animales vacunos, muchas es pecies de Convolvulus, de Desmodium, la 
Rhynchosia minima, la Lagasca mollis, &c. ; pero ignoro ami que nombre 
llevan estas plantas en la lsla. 

Hojas de drboles que comen los animales. — Leaves of trees eaten by animals. 



Abey macho 

Abey hembra 

Anon 

Bucare 

Ceiba 

Gudcima - 

Guando de monte - 

Hueso 

Mamei Colorado - 

Mango 

Moniatos, todos 

ISaranjodgrio 

Pinon 

Pinon botija 

Ramon 

Raspalengua 

Roble bianco 

Roble guayo 

Sabicu 

Sahuco 

Tamarindo 

Tengue - 

Vibona 

Yagruma macho - 

Yagruma hembra 

Yamao 

Yanilla - 



Iacaranda (?) 

Leguminosa 

An no n a squamosa, P 

Erythryna umbrosa 

Eriodemdrom anfractuosum 

Guazuma palybotrya 

Coripha 

Lucuma Bomplandi 
Mangifera domestica, P 
Laurus 

Citrus vulgaris 
Erythryna coralodrendron 
Jatropha curcas 
Trophis americana, P 
Cassearia hirsuta 
Tecoma pentaphila 
Ehretia bourreria 
Mimosa odorantissima 
Sumbucus nigra 
tTamarindus occidentalis 
Leguminosa 
Hedera arborea 
Panax longipetalum 
Cecropia peltata 
Guarea trichilioides 
Schmidelia cominia? 



Frutos que comen Ion animales, especialmente los cerdos. — Fruits eaten by 
animals, especially by hogs. 



Acana 

Ateje 

Bejuco Colorado - 

Caimitillo 

Casmagua 

Castana del Malabar 

Ciruela amarilla - 



Achras disecta 
Cordia colococca 
Serjania cubensis 
Chrisophillum oliviforme, F 

Artocarpos incisa, Exotica 
*Spondias 



[ 300 ] 



136 



En ci?ia - 

Frijolillo - 

Gudcima ... 

Guairage - 

Guayabas 

Guano prieto. Guano de monte 

Guara color ada - 

Jagua - 

Jocuma - 

Macdgua - 

Macurige - - - 

Mamei Colorado - 

Maradon - 

Mojiiatos, todos 

Naranja dgria 

Nogal - 

Ocuje - 

Palma real 

Palma yagruma - 

Papaya - 

Peralejo - - 

Pino ... 

Quajani - 

Quiebra hacha 

Raspalengua 

Sapote -■-■■'•'■-. 

Sapote de culebra - 

Yamao - 

Yagruma macho - 

Yaicage - 

Yiati - 



Qiiercns (?) 

Lonchocarpos (?) 

Guazumu polybotrya 

Eugenia 

Psidium. 2 espec. 

Pal mas 

Cupania 

Genipa americana 

Bumelia sal ici folia 

Cupania (?) 
Lucuma Bomplandi 
Anacardium occidental, P 
Laurus 

Citrus vulgaris 
Juglans (cinerea?) 
Calophyllum calaba 
t Oreodoxa regia 

* Carica papaya 
Malpighia mureilla 
Pinus (?) 
Bumelia 
Himenea ? 
Casseaiia hirsuta 
Sapota mammosa, P 
Lucuma serpentaria 
Guarea trichilioides 
Panax longipetalum 

Excecaria lucida 



III. MADERAS EMPLEADAS EN DIVERSOS US0S. 



Woods employed in various uses. 



Abei macho 

Abei hembra 

Acana - 

Agracejo - 

Agracejo carbonero 

Almendro 

Almendrillo 

Arabo - - - 

Arard - 

Arbol del cuerno - 

Ateje - 

Ayabacand 

Ayuda macho — Aynda hembra- 

Ayuda badia - 
Bagd - 



lacaranda. Sp. nov. 

Leguminosa 

Achras disecta. Aub. ex Osa. 

Brunelia inermis. Fl. Per ex Osa. 

Excecaria 



Bucida? 

Acacia cornigera 
Cordia collococca. Sin. 



Zanthoxylum 

* Annona palustris. Lin. 



137 



[300] 



Baria 

Baullua - 

Bijaguara * 

Bijagua - 

Botija 

Brasil. Br as He te 

Bucare 

Cabo de hacha 

Caimlto - 

Caimitillo 

Caja [polo de) 

Camaron - 

Caoba 

Caobilla de cost a - 

Came de doncella - 

Cedro 

Ceiba 

Ccibon 

Chicarron 

Cercero 

Cerillo - ■ 

Cigua 

Ciguaraya 

Copal 
Copci 
Cordoban - 
Cuaba blanca 
Caaba amarilla - 
Cuajaiu - 
Cucuyo 6 Jiqui - 
Curbana - 
Dagame - 

Daguilla - 

Ebano 

Encina 

Frijolillo - 

Fustete 

Gia 

Goao 

Granadillo 
Guaguaci 
GuacimuL baria 
Guairage 
Gaacamilla 
Guama - 
Idem de costa 
Guana 
Guar a 



Cordia gerascantoides. Knnt. 

Ceanotus colubrinus. J acq. 

Bombax gosypifolia. Cav. Mvde. 

CsBsalpinia 

Erythrina umbrosa. H. et. B. 

Trichilia spondioides. Swart 

Chrysophillun cainito. Lin., P 

Chrysophillum oliviforme. Lam., P 

SchmideJia viticifolia. H. et. B. 

*Swietenia mahagoni. Wild 
Croton hicidum. Sw. 
Achras 1 

Cedrela odorata. Lin., P 
Eriodendron anfractuosum. D. C 
Bombax pentandrum, P 
Combretum. Sp. nov. 
Malpighia punicifolia. Lam. 

Laurus martinicensis 

Trichilia glabra. Lin. T. haran- 

ense. Jacq. 
Hedwigia balsamifera 
Clnsia alba 

Miconia ceanothrina. D. C. 
* Amyris floridana. A. diatripa. S. 
Croton 

Oumelia. ex Qsa 
Bumelia nigra. Sw. ex Osa 
Canella alba. Sw. 
Calycophillum candidissimum. D. 

C. 
Lagetta lintearia. Lam. 
Dyospyros 

Quercus (?) an. sp. nov ? 
Lonchocarpos (?) 

Broussonetia tintoria. ex Montvde. 
Cassearia ramirlora. C. Spinosa. C. 

silvestris. C. serrnlata. 
Commocladia dentata. Jaq. C. 

iliciofolia. Vild. 
Brya ebenus. Brow 
Laetia apetala. L. Thamnia &. 
Luhea rufescens 
Eugenia baruensis. Wild 
Prockia crucis. Wild 
Lonchocarpos tenax 
Amorpha (?) 
Hibiscus (?) ex Montvde. 
Cnpania glabra. C. tomentosa &- 



[ 300 ] 



138 



Guaybo agrio 
Guayacan 
Guayacancillo 
Guira criolla 
Guira cimarrona - 
Hicaco - 
Hueso 
Jaboncillo - 
Jdgua 

Jaguey hembra 
Jaguey macho 
Jibd 

Jiqui (6 cocityo) - 
Jobo - 

Jocunia - 

Jucaro - - - 

Laurel 
Lebiza - 

Lechoso - - - 

Lengua de vaca - 
Lloron 
Maboa - 
Macdgua - 
Macurige 
Maco 

Majagua - 
Majaguilla 
Malaguetta 
Malambo 
Manaju - 
Mangle bianco 
Mangle negro 
Moniato macho y hembra. 
laurel - - - 

Moruro - 
Mora - 
Nogal 
Ocuje - 
Palo de caja 6 caja 
Palo de Campeche 

Palo bronco 
Palo carbonero 
Palo santo 
Peralejo - 
Pimienta - 
Pino - 

Pinon de Cuba 
Pinon espinoso 
Pinon FYances 
Pitajoni - 



Id. 



Psidium pyriferum 
*Guaiacum sanctum. Lin. 
Guaiacum verticale. Ortega. 
Crescentia cucurbitina. Sw., P 
Crescentia cujete. Wild, P 

* Crysobalanus icaco 
Svvartia 

Sapindus saponaria. Ait. 
Genipa americana. Lin. 
Ficus radula. H. ex Montvde. 

* Ficus indica. Celastms ex Osa. 
Erythroxylon havanense. E. fer- 

rugineum. Cav. 
Bumelia nigra, ex Osa. 

* Spondias lutea ? D. O. 
Bumelia salicifolia. Sw. 
Bucida. sp. nov. 
Laurus(?) 

Laurus (?) 

Faramae sertulifera. D. C. 
./Egiphilla martinicensis. Sw. 
Guettarda lucida. ex Osa. 
Cameraria latifolia. Wild. 

Cupania (nitida ?) D. C. 
Ardisia michrantha? D. C. 
Hibiscus tiliaceus. Lin., P 
Pavonia racemosa. Sw. 
Eugenia (?) 

Malpighia ? 
*Avicennia nitida 
*Avicennia tomentosa 

Laurus 

Acacia 

Morus celtidifolia 

Juglans (cinerea ?) 

Calophyllum calaba. J acq. 

Schmidelia viticifolia. H. et. B. 

Hoematoxylum campeachanum. 

Lin., P 
Malpighia. ex Montvde. 
Excoecaria tinifolia 
Catartocarpus. ex Montvde. 
Malpigh ia mureilla. ex Montvde. 
Eugenia 
Pinus (?) 

Erythrina(mitis?) D. C. exMtvde. 
Erythrina corallodendrom. Aix. 
Erythrina cristagalli. Lin. 
Gardenia ? 



139 



[300 ] 



Ponacx 

Quiebra hacha 
Ram 071 - 
Roble real de olor 
Roble amarillo 
Roble bianco 
Roble guayo 
Sabicu 

Sapote culebra 
Sassafras 
Tengue - 
Uvero - 

Vibona - 

Vigueta - - - 

Viriji 

Yaba 

Yagruma macho 

Yaimiqui 6 came de doncella 

Yaiti - 

Yaicuage 

Yamao 

Yana - 

Yanilla - 

Yaya ... 

Yaya macho 

Yayajabico 



Duhamelia patens. Lin. 

Hymenea 

Trophis americana, P 

Chelone? 

Cytharexylum 

Tecoma pentaphilla 

Erhetia bourreria. Lin. 

Mimosa odorantissima. ex Osa. 

Lucuma serpentaria. H. et B. 

lcica? 

Legnminosa 

* Coccoloba uvifera. Lin. 

Erythalis pentagona. D. C. 

Hedera arborea. Sw. 

1 

Eugenia buxifolia 

Andira inermis 

Panax longipetalum. D. C 

Acliras 

Excoecaria lucida 

Gnarea trichiloides. Lin. 

Procris 

Schmidelia cominia. Sw. 

Guatteria virgata. D. C. 

Mouriria myrtiloides. D. C. 
i Ceanotns reclinatus. L'H. 
) Erythalis fruticosa. Lin. 



♦ Indigenous plants of tropical Florida. 

+ Plants growing in tropical Florida. 

P Plants sent or carried to tropical Florida by Perrine. 

Note. — The preceding list was published four yearsago, at Havana, and hence does not 
contain the names of any valuable plants subsequently introduced into the Royal Botanical 
Garden, or pattern plantation, near that city. The subscriber retains the original letters of 
Professor Don Ramon de la Sagra, of the 11th March and 28th April, 1833, and 3d October, 
1834, in which he promises to aid the enterprise of domesticating tropical plants in South 
Florida with all the resources under his control, in return for the services of the subscriber in 
sending him valuable plants and intelligence from Yucatan. 

HENRY PERRINE. 

Washington, D. C, February 27, 1837. 



[300] 140 



EXPLANATORY APPENDIX. 

The twenty-four engravings appended to this report are intended to il- 
lustrate the brief notices of fibrous leaved plants contained in the last twen- 
ty-two pages of the documents annexed to the report of the Committee on 
Agriculture, of the House of Representatives, made on the 17th February, 
1838, numbered 564, and consisting of 99 pages. 

Plate No. 1. Fig. A, represents the shape and dimensions of a single 
green leaf of the Agave Sisalana, or Sisal Hemp Plant of Yucatan. Fig. 
B. do. do. do: of the Bromelia Pita, or forest pine-apple, Flax Plant of 
Goazacoalcos. Fig. C, exhibits the footstalk of a leaf of the Masa sapien- 
tium, or edible Banana of the tropics, intended to illustrate the structure of 
the Musa Abaca, or wild Banana of the Philipines, from whose petioles the 
Manilla Hemp is obtained. The original specimens of the leaves and peti- 
oles, and of the course and fine foliaceous fibres yielded by them, remain in 
the room of the Committee on Agriculture of the House of Representatives, 
and will be deposited in the agricultural department of the Patent Office. 

Plate No. 2, Fig. A 1, represents an entire green leaf of Agave Sisalana, 
or Sisal Hemp Agave of Yucatan, of the variety called Yashqui. Fig. A 
2. The fibres exposed from AA to the point of the leaf, by means of the 
triangular wooden scraper T : The unscraped butt end of the leaf is sus- 
tained by a board against the breast of the laborer, who then uses the scra- 
ping stick as curriers do their shaving knives. Fig. A 3. The foliaceous 
fibres exposed by the notched wooden scraper N : The laborer takes the 
butt end of the leaf in one hand, and extends the remainder obliquely across 
a pole, which is supported at an angle of 45 degrees by a post or wall ; 
with the notched scraper in the other hand, one point of the notch is inser- 
ted through the leaf which is then drawn backwards, and the operation is 
repeated until the leaf is slit into five or.six strips ; each strip is then laid 
across the pole, and the notched end of the fixed scraper is pressed upon it, 
when the butt end of the leaf is drawn backwards, and the fibres of that 
strip are thus exposed : and so on successively till the cuticle, and cellular 
substances of the other strips are separated from the foliaceous fibres. By 
both figures it will be seen that these fibres are longtitudinal and parallel, 
and are not connected by transverse fibres. The butt end of A 3 exhibits 
the injurious effects of rotting by its own juices ; and any process of macera- 
tion applicable to the dead dried barks of common flax and hemp, prepara- 
tory to extracting their cortical fibres, is equally injurious to the color and 
strength of the foliaceous fibres in living green leaves. 

Plates 3 to 9, inclusive, exhibit plants embraced under the title of the 
Pine-apple Tribe. Plates 3 to 7 includes A, the thick fieshy leaved species ; 
and plates 8 and 9, B, the thin dry leaved species. 

A. Plate 3. Agave Mexicana, or Pulque Agave, which yields from its de- 
veloping stalk the celebrated Mexican substitute for beer, wine, and cider. 

Plate 4. Agave Sisalana, or Sisal Hemp Agave of Yucatan, whose 

. mature green leaves yield the foliaceous fibres called Sisal Hemp, and Grass 

Hemp, in the United States, and Sosquil in Mexico. It is represented with 

the lower layers of leaves cut off, as it appears, after the first crop has been 

taken, to be scraped for market. 



141 [300] 

Plate 5. Furcraea giganlea : a species of a kindred genus of the Agave. 
The F. foetida is said to yield valuable foliaceous fibres in Cuba. 

Plate G. Agave Americana ; naturalized in the south of Europe ; con- 
founded by Humboldt, and his copyists, with the Agave Sislana, and the 
Agave Mexicana, or the Henequen Agave of hot lowland Yucatan, and the 
Pulque Agave of cool highland Mexico. 

Plate 7. Agave Virginica : indigenous to the worst soils of the United 
States between the Potomac and the Mississippi. 

B. Plate 8. Bromelia Ananas, or Edible Pine-apple plant; some writers as- 
sert that the leaves of some variety of this cultivated species yield fine fo- 
liaceous fibres of practical utility. 

Plate 9. Bromelia Sylvestris, or wild Pine-apple plant : copied to illus- 
trate the mode or growth of the Bromelia Pita, or forest Pine-apple, flax 
plant of Goazacoalcos. 

Plates 10 and 11 exhibit two species of plants embraced under the section 
of the Screw ■pine tribe of plants. 

Plates 12 to 18, inclusive, exhibit plants embraced under the ordinal 
term of the Lily Tribe. 

Plates 12 to 17, inclusive, exhibit species of Yucca indigenous to the 
most sterile soils of the United States, from the Potomac to the Mississippi. 
of which some extend to the Rocky mountains, and others are acclimated in 
our northern States. 

Plate 12. Yucca gloriosa, or Petre, now growing in the garden of Mr. 
Buist, Washington city. Plate 17. Same species in flower. 

Plate 13. Yucca angustifolia, before flowering. Plate 14. Do. do., in 
flower. 

Plate 15. Yucca aloifolia ; this and the Y. gloriosa are both frequently 
called Adam's needle, Spanish bayonet, Petre, and sometimes Palmetto, &.c. 

Plate 16. Yucca filamentosa ; common names are Bear's grass, Silk 
grass, Eve's thread, Everlasting, &c. The three last named species may be 
profitably propagated in the poorest soils of the United States. 

Plate 18. Phormium tenax, Flax Lily of New Zealand ; acclimated in 
the south of France, and now an important staple of agriculture and man- 
ufactures in that kingdom. 

Plates 19, 20, and 21. Three species of plants of different genera, em- 
braced under the Banana Tribe. 

Ptate 19. Heliconia Psittacorum. The celebrated Dr. Samuel L. Mit- 
chell supposed that the Manilla Hemp was obtained from one species of 
this genus. 

Plate 20. Strelitzia regina ; now in flower at the green- house of Mr. 
Buist, Washington city. 

Plate 21. Musa rosacea, Red Banana; the stalk, composed of the foot- 
stalks of the leaves, illustrates the mode of growth of the Musa Abaca, or 
Manilla Hemp Banana. By Fig. C, Plate 1, it will be seen that these lono- 
broad Lamina may be employed in the manufacture of mats, &c, in their 
original state, by simple pressure and drying only ; and that, by simply 
scraping only in their green state, they will yield very long and abundant 
fibres for spinning and weaving. 

Plates 22, 23, 24, exhibit different plants of the Palm tribe. 

Plate 22. Borassus flabelliformis, Palmyra Palm. The Gomuty Palm, 
or black-cordage tree of the East Indies is said by some botanists to be a 
brother species of the same genus. 



[300] Us 

Plate 23. Mauvitia flexuosa, Morriche Palm, or celebrated tree of Life of 
the Guarumo Indians, on the inundated islands of the Orinoco, very valuable 
for its fibrous leaves and foliaceous fibres. 

Plate 24. Bactris minor, Cane palm ; said to be a brother species of the 
Ticu palm of Brazil, whose leaves yield superior substitutes for flax and 
hemp to an ignorant and indolent population. The botanical name given 
by Walsh is the Bactris Acanthocarpos. H. P. 

Washington, D. C, March, 1S38. 



k; 



^ 



k; 



c 8c b fibres exposed 




& 








N 



Wooden flat notched Scraper fixed by one hand 



T sfi 



Wooden truvupdar Scraper Moved by both hands 




Agave Mexicana 
(hdque plant) 




Agave Sisalana 
variety Yashqia 

( Sisal Hemp) 




Furcrcea giganiea 




Agave americana 




Agave vugtnica 




Bromelia Ananas 




Bromdia Sylvcstris 



10 




Fandamis odoraMssimus 



11 




Pandamis Candelabrum 




Jitcca gloriosa 



L3 




Yucca cuigusofoUa 



II 




Yucca anqusiifolia 



1 1 




Yucca aLoifolia 




Yucca filaincntosa 




Yucca Qloriosa 



18 




^^^^mm^^ 



Flwrmmni cenax 
or Flax f.illv gfMw Zealand 



19 




ffclwoiua Psittacorum 



2 




Strclitiia rcqina 



21 




Ifusa rosacea 



22 




Borassas Fladeffiformis 
Palmyra Palm 




miuritia flexaosa 




fiacrris nun or 



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